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GenderWatch

Contains 40,000 articles from more than 100 journals, magazines, newsletters, special reports, unpublished papers and conference proceedings devoted to gender and women's issues. Holdings: The database contains a large body of archival material, in some cases, as far back as 1970.

GenderWatch

At Home and in the Field

Packaging girlhood : rescuing our daughters from marketers' schemes / Sharon Lamb and Lyn Mikel Brown.

Lamb, Sharon. . Packaging girlhood : rescuing our daughters from marketers' schemes / Sharon Lamb and Lyn Mikel Brown. 1st ed. 0312352506 series New York : St. Martin's Press, 2006.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HD9970.5.C483 U655 2006

The End of the Japanese Family: Yasujiro Ozu's Perspective on Modernity in Tokyo Story

Similar to many of his other post-World War II films, Yasujiro Ozu's Tokyo Story focuses on changes within a Japanese family. While superficially, the film seems to only deal with its primary characters, in actuality, the fragmented Hirayama family is allegorical of Japanese families in the post-war era. In looking at Tokyo Story, it is important to look the economic and sociological history of Japan in addition to the film's precise style to notice how Ozu blames his country's explosion into modernity for the decay of the family.

From 'Post-war' to 'Post-Bubble': Contemporary Issues for Japanese Working Women

Macnaughtan, Hellen. "From 'Post-war' to 'Post-Bubble': Contemporary Issues for Japanese Working Women." Perspectives on Work, Employment and Society in Japan. Ed. Peter Matanle and Wim Lunsing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 31-57.

Call #: HD5827.A6 P47 2006

Complementing other sociological reports for this paper, Helen Macnaughtan's article on women in the workforce provides intriguing insight into Tokyo Story's world. Traditionally, middle class women did not have jobs and instead were expected to take care of the home. Beginning after World War II, however, legislation, such as the 1947 Labour Standards Law, emancipated women in the labor force. Macnaughtan sees a few key trends following the war; first, the number of female workers increased significantly. Second, there was a noticeable increase specifically for middle-aged women. Finally, although women were working more than the past, they remained "supplementary to the core of predominantly male permanent workers," (40).

This trend of women in the workplace is visible in Tokyo Story through the characters Noriko and Shige. Both women, who in the past would not have had a job, are both full time workers. Had they not been working, they would have been responsible for taking take of and spending time with Shukishi and Tomi. For Shige, her job as a hairdresser takes away time that she would otherwise spend with her parents. While Shige can come off as an uncaring person, it is fair to blame her inattentiveness on post-war pressures and expectations of city living. Noriko, although full employed as well, is better able to manage her time. She dedicates tremendous amounts of her days with the parents, even though she is not even a blood relative. Through his writing and direction, Ozu gets his audience to love Noriko which clearly shows Ozu's love of the family. By casting a negative shadow on the less caring character, Ozu tries to promote family life in the face of modernity's new social roles.

Complicated Women : Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood

Citation: LaSalle, Mick. Complicated Women : Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood. Boston: Saint Martin's Griffin, 2001. 1-1.

This book talks about the negative impact that the production code had on the portrayal of women in cinema. The author describes a time before the code when women could enjoy being women without having to apologize for it. She describes that women were allowed to “have fun”, “take on lovers and have children out of wedlock”. The introduction explains that part of the reason the code was implemented was to stop women from enjoying these freedoms onscreen and put them back in their place, the kitchen.

This section relates heavily to the character of Rio, played by Jane Russell in The Outlaw. Before the code, there would have been little to no qualms about her showing as much skin and cleavage. However, due to the Hays code, which aimed at making movies more moral, her character was stifled. Some of the controversy over the questionable integrity of the film was partly due to the fact that Jane Russell was a female actress attempting to express her female sexuality in a time where it was not appreciated.

Keeping the Home Fires Burning? Women and the German Homefront Film 1940-1943

Citation: Von Papen, Manuel. “Keeping the Home Fires Burning? Women and the German Homefront Film 1940-1943.” Film History. Vol. 8.1 (Spring, 1996): pp. 44-63

Within this article, Von Papen attempts to depict what constitutes a home front film as well as their impact on Gemran society. He explains that the Home front film can be described as an entertainment film. Typically, the home front film is a love story, comedy, or entertainment film that serves as a reminder of everyday life. The author goes on to describe, in detail, the components of film that would constitute it as a home-front film. First, Von Papen explains that the plot must contain a love story between a man off at war and a woman back at home, holding down the fort. Next, he explains that the woman must be employed in occupations such as a conductress, auxiliary nurse, or actress, and emphasizes the fact that, in home front film, women are always looking for a man. He further describes the crucial components of home front films by focusing on the fact that women in the films typically go through a learning process during wartime in which they come to recognize that their own private happiness may have to be put on hold for the greater good of their man and country. Additionally, the author reiterates that idea that, in home front film, lthere is little mention of the hardship of the war; rather, there is a positive mentality that is maintained throughout the films. Finally, it is noted that these films embody romances which stand the test of time and separation and end up with the lovers finding each other again after some time.

In his observation of Wunschkonzert, the author focuses on the fact that the film depicts war in a very light manner. For example, he includes the fact that soldiers within the film are always seen enjoying a musical performance or even their own engagement party, or seen writing letters to loved ones back home. In addition, the author emphasizes that only one death occurs in the film and the death is seen as positive due to the fact that the character suffered death in the name of his country.

This article helps us to fully gain knowledge on the aspects of the film that categorize Wunschkonzert as a home-front film. Indeed, the romance between Inge and Herbert fall under the criteria stated above and Inge plays the role of a faithful lover who is willing to stand the test of time and support the war efforts in the name and honor of her fighting lover. In addition, the author’s description of the lighthearted approach to war in the film proves to an even greater extent the way in which this film uses the notion of entertainment to show audiences that war does not have to be seen as aggression or violent fight against an enemy; instead, the film aims at demonstarting the importance of staying optimistic, loyal, and proud of not only their fighting loved ones but also Germany as a whole.

Nazi Propaganda Films: a history and filmography.

Citation: Giesen, Rolf. Nazi Propaganda Films: a history and filmography. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2003. 151-162

The chapter entitled “Black-Out: The Home Front, or “That’s Not the End of the World,” describes movies during the Nazi film period which focused on the environment back at home during wartime in Germany. Throughout the chapter, the author depicts the role of women during this period by showing that the typical bride or fiancé in many films would be waiting for their brave, faithful soldier to return victoriously. Within the chapter, Giesen discusses Wunschkonzert as an example of a home front film. He explains the way in which movies such as these strived to keep German spirits high through a focus on music and an upbeat screenplay that depicts war in a positive light. It is also important to recognize that Wunschkonzert can be used to better understand the role of women at the time. Through the character of Inge Wagner, we witness the way in which women in German society reacted to war. Despite being separated for three years, Inge waits for Herbert and remains devoted to him until they are reunited in a hospital.

Through Giesen’s depiction of Wunschkonzert, we gain a greater understand of the way in which entertainment film was used by the Nazi regime to unite German society and keep spirits high in the time of war. Indeed, through the character of Inge Wagner, women throughout Germany were given an example of what it means to be in support of soldiers and their country in a time of fighting, yet another way in which the Nazi regime gained support through entertainment film.

Ar'n't I a Woman?, Gender, and Slavery Studies

Leslie Harris writes her review of Ar'n't I a Woman? written by Deborah Gray White and compliments White's accurate depiction of slave women and their lifestyles. Harris mentions that the relationship between enslaved women and men was unusually egalitarian, sharing roles within the family. Also, they had different ways of sharing and "transmitting moral, sexual, and marital knowledge." She argues that this piece of writing serves as a basis for many studies of the gendered history of slavery, yet it still needs to further investigate the private lives of enslaved women.

Harris, Leslie. “Ar'n't I a Woman?, Gender, and Slavery Studies.” Journal of Women's History 19.2 (2007): 151-155,211. GenderWatch (GW). ProQuest. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 1 Dec. 2008 < http://elinks.library.upenn.edu/sfx_local?genre=article;issn=10427961;title=Journal%20of%20Women%27s%20History;volume=19;issue=2;date=20070601;atitle=%22Ar%27n%27t%20I%20a%20Woman%3F%2C%22%20Gender%2C%20and%20Slavery%20Studies.;spage=151;sid=EBSCO%3Akeh;pid=Harris%2C%20Leslie2578359020070601keh.>

Women and film : both sides of the camera / E. Ann Kaplan.

Kaplan, E. Ann. . Women and film : both sides of the camera / E. Ann Kaplan. 0416317502 (pbk.) : series New York : Methuen, 1983.

Mizoguchi and Japan / Mark Le Fanu.

Le Fanu, Mark. "Geisha, Prostitution, and the Street." Mizoguchi and Japan. London: BFI Publishing, 2005. 69-95.

Mark Le Fanu's book provides excellent criticism on the surviving films of Mizoguchi. In the cited chapter, Le Fanu examines seven films that deal with the worlds of prostitution and the geisha of Kyoto. Le Fanu points out that the geisha's main function was an artistic one. He points out that Sisters of the Gion is primarily concerned with the characters' need for patronage and the geisha's exchange of freedom for money. He also sees Omocha as a free, brave spirit who stands out for her rebellion in a time when Japanese women were expected to be meek and submissive. Finally, Le Fanu confronts the problem of the film's ending. While many critics believe it to be too abrupt and explicit, Le Fanu believes that this change in pace is what gives the film its power: not only does Omocha's soliloquy explicitly point at the plight of geisha, but it is the only moment of the film in which we see such raw emotion (Kimura's bitter revenge is remarkably restrained).

While my emphasis in this project is on Japanese society as a whole, it is important not to ignore the fact that Sisters of the Gion examines the unique role of Japanese geisha in the 1930s. The principal motivation for Omocha's actions is to secure a new kimono for Umekichi so that she can participate in a dance. In fact, this is the only explicit mention of the geisha's artistic role; Mizoguchi largely overlooks it in order to focus on the importance of patronage. Perhaps Sisters of the Gion is a directed criticism of the geisha, but I am of the opinion that Le Fanu's analysis is too directed. It is not so much geishadom as a whole that Mizoguchi opposes (after all, the artistic role of the geisha does not come under fire), but rather the feudal values that surround it. Mizoguchi's chief criticism is the required subservience of women. These female performers, who carry out a highly celebrated artistic function (according to Le Fanu) must essentially sell themselves in order to survive. Yet in attempting to pursue this goal, they are resented or defamed for their methods. It may be an extreme case, but Kimura's revenge is a manifestation of this criticism.

Sexual politics and narrative film : Hollywood and beyond / Robin Wood.

Wood, Robin. "Three Films of Mizoguchi: Questions of Style and Identification." Sexual Politics and Narrative Film: Hollywood and

Beyond. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998. 227-247.

In this chapter of Robin Wood's collection of essays on the role of sexual politics in narrative film, Wood examines the work of Mizoguchi. Wood divides Mizoguchi's work into five periods, each representing a change in the sociopolitical situation of Japan. She places Sisters of the Gion in Mizoguchi's "radical period", during which the director committed himself to a Leftist protest movement and experimented with "radical" form and content. Wood then explores Sisters of the Gion, stating that the film examines the victimization of women within patriarchal capitalism. However even more, Wood believes that the film criticizes a system in which everyone--both male and female--ultimately becomes a victim (e.g. Furosawa is a victim of the business world, Umekichi a victim of her conformism). Wood also uses some formalist analysis to further her points, particularly in determining how the film's techniques cause us to identify with Omocha. She looks explicitly at the importance of Omocha's closing statement, the impact of which, she claims, is heightened by the sudden change from long, distant shots to short close-ups. She also points out that the lack of depth in the film's shots contributes to a claustrophobic space that increases our discomfort with the exploitation of the women in the film.

Wood's analysis not only contextualizes the work of Mizoguchi within his development of an auteur but within the greater current of modern history. While the book may be concerned primarily with sexual politics, learning of Mizoguchi's association with Leftists allows us to consider the film as embodying the clash between capitalism and communism that dominated the interwar period in many countries (including France, Spain, and Germany). Rather than being motivated by her modern views regarding men, what if we consider Omocha's efforts to overcome her poverty and rise in the capitalist system? If we view her actions as being primarily motivated by a desire for greater wealth, her then failure points to the socioeconomic immobility that Mizoguchi ascribes to capitalism. Rather than being a criticism of geisha, her final lines ("Why are we made to suffer so? Why are there geisha? Why do we exist?) reflect the plight of the lower class as a whole. Still, despite her failure, the film causes us to identify with the younger, educated Omocha rather than her more conservative sister. This suggests that while Mizoguchi does indeed believe that Omocha's modern ideals should triumph, he finds failure in her attempt to exploit the capitalist system rather than making an effort to redesign it.

Waves at Genji's door : Japan through its cinema / by Joan Mellen.

Mellen, Joan. "Women in Japan." The Waves at Genji's Door: Japan through its Cinema. New York: Pantheon Books, 1976. 247-269.

Joan Mellen's book studies Japanese film by placing it in its historical, social, and political context. In this particular section, Mellen examines the traditional role of women in Japan. She claims that women in Japanese film (even after World War II) are rarely portrayed as independent beings with rights of their own. She then discusses the concept of giri (preconceived social obligations), claiming that even when women in Japanese film are pursuing personal inclinations, they are really only given the choice between different giri. Mellen then examines this concept in Shinoda's 1969 film, Double Suicide; her analysis yields a dichotomy in many Japanese films between "wife and whore" (or "wife" and "loose woman"). She then continues to examine the role of women in the films of Mizoguchi (she does not, however, look at Sisters of the Gion), stating that all of Mizoguchi's films reveal the director's belief that Japanese women are forced to sacrifice themselves by virtue of existing.

The feudal concept of giri resonates throughout Sisters of the Gion. Umekichi's devotion to Furosawa and her refusal to solicit another patron is as much a function of her love for the man as it is a result of her commitment to giri. Similarly, when Furosawa returns to his wife, he is fulfilling his own obligation to her; in the end, he chooses his giri to "wife" over that owed to his "whore". On the other hand, Omocha rebels against the notion of giri when she rejects Kimura and seduces Kudo. Additionally, by using Furosawa's poverty as a failure to fulfill his giri to the women in his life as justification for breaking Umekichi's giri, Omocha offers a glimpse at the double standard of Japanese society.

Yet perhaps more interesting, Sisters of the Gion examines the obligations between sisters. While appearing to reject the notion of giri altogether, Omocha's efforts to improve her sister's lot in life (by soliciting a wealthy patron) actually show a high level of commitment to her sister. Much in the same vein, despite finding Omocha's interference in her life to be despicable, Umekichi ultimately returns to her sister's side. Thus, while Mellen might believe that Mizoguchi laments that women who are forced to sacrifice their lives in the name of duty, there is no criticism of the social obligations between family. His problem, then, is not with the sacrifice of women in Japanese society, but the apparent subservience of the giri of women to the obligations of men (this is further demonstrated by the devastating effects of Furosawa's choice to return home to his wife).

A Master Who Could Create Poems for the Eye

Lopate, Phillip. "A Master Who Could Create Poems for the Eye." New York Times 15 Sept. 1995: H15+

Lopate examines the work of Mizoguchi in preparation for a coming Mizoguchi retrospective in New York City. Lopate raises the debate as to whether Mizoguchi can truly be considered a champion of women's rights; he claims that many feminist film critics believe that his attention to the sufferings of women is "disguised sadism". In particular, did Mizoguchi attempt to represent the pressures faced by the geisha in order to show the oppression of Japanese society, or was he in favor of the traditional practice that many feminists see as degrading women. Lopate points out that Mizoguchi often explored women's mistrust of men (he points explicitly to Omocha in Sisters of the Gion). He continues by considering the auteur's use of long takes in portraying extreme conflict or emotion.

The debate is particularly relevant to Sisters of the Gion; it is central to the issues surrounding the film's cryptic ending. While the detachment produced by the camerawork suggests a disregard for the fate of the film's characters, I find little evidence to believe that Mizoguchi is championing the traditional values that kept Japanese women on a lower social tier than men. After all, the traditional Umekichi, who remains faithful to her patron, does not end up happy at the end of the film. In fact, Furosawa's departure reflects a bitter cynicism towards the treatment of women at the hands of Japanese men. While Omocha's accident could be a form of punishment for her action, the sudden close-up at the end suggests that we are to identify with her pain rather than chastise her for her actions.

Women and Film: Both Sides of the Camera - Google Book Search

Nippon modern : Japanese cinema of the 1920s and 1930s / Mitsuyo Wada-Marciano.

Wada-Marciano, Mitsuyo. "Imaging Modern Girls." Nippon Modern: Japanese Cinema of the 1920s and 1930s. Honolulu: University of
Hawai'i Press, 2008. 76-110.

In this chapter from Mitsuyo Wada-Marciano's books, the author explores the idea of the modern girl (or moga). Wada-Marciano claims that the "woman's film genre" reflects the discourse on the experience of modernity. She elaborates by saying that the function of the modern girl in movies was to give form to an "invisible, unacknowledged Japanese anxiety" (88). The chapter ends by considering the dichotomy between the modern girl and the traditional woman as representative of the Japanese society as a whole.

We can consider Omocha to be Sisters of the Gion's modern girl. When contrasted to the other characters around her, she demonstrates progressive ideas (notably, equality between men and women). If we consider her further to represent a problem in to the Japanese socioeconomic status quo, Omocha does not only represent the threat of feminism to the geisha tradition but also the threat of a powerful, modern women successfully manipulating men in order to achieve her desires. Meanwhile, Umekichi can be seen as the status quo; she is undemanding and willing to accept what life hands her.

Dreams Are Made like This: Hortense Powdermaker and the Hollywood Film Industry

Cherneff, Jill BR. " Dreams Are Made like This: Hortense Powdermaker and the Hollywood Film Industry." Journal of Anthropological Research. Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter 1991), pp.429-440. JSTOR. 9 Apr. 2008. <http://www.jstor.org/action/showArticle?doi=10.2307/3630352&Search=yes&term=dreams&term=hollywood&item=5&returnArticleService=showArticle&ttl=3533&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dhollywood%2Bdreams;gw%3Djtx;prq%3Djeepers%2Bcreepers;Search%3DSearch;hp%3D25>.

This article largely chronicles and responds to Hortense Powdermaker’s study of Hollywood culture in the late 1940s. In the book, she wrote following her study, Powdermaker highlights the struggle between art and business and Hollywood and suggests the social underpinnings of Hollywood culture determine what types of films are made. Powdermaker’s original contention is that the Hollywood film has had an impact on human behavior as dramatic as that of the wheel’s invention. Powdermaker observed that the power of movies lies in it’s depiction of apparent reality—that what appears on the screen looks real and thus must accompany real values and ideas to be absorbed. The remainder of the article focuses less on Powdermaker’s conclusions and research in order to focus on analyzing the research itself. The author discusses the challenges facing Powdermaker in reporting on a population unlike those most anthropologists focus on. Further, the author notices the absence of women in important roles behind the lens in Powdermaker’s research and contextualizes this historically as well as socially.

On a superficial level, it is interesting how Powdermaker’s journey in conducting her research mirrors that of Tod in the film The Day of the Locust. Both leave a successful endeavor at Yale and go to Hollywood for a sociological investigation of sorts—Powdermaker an unbiased anthropological study and Tod an emotional snapshot of Hollywood’s locusts. Some of Powdermaker’s research sheds light on the images of the industry contained in the film, such as the hierarchy of production and the social constructs behind the films.

Japanese women : new feminist perspectives on the past, present, and future / edited by Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda.

. Japanese women : new feminist perspectives on the past, present, and future / edited by Kumiko Fujimura-Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda. 1558610936 (cloth) series New York : The Feminist Press at the City University of New York, c1995.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1762 .J38 1995

7. Kumiko Fujimura- Fanselow and Atsuko Kameda. Japanese Women: New Feminist Perspectives on the Past, Present, and Future. New York: The Feminist Press.1995. p. 15-29 This chapter talks about women’s image and place in Japanese Buddhism. It says that one of the leader in Heian Era states ‘The husband is the lord and the wife is the servant”. In the Heian era the notions of five hindrances and three obedience repeatedly mentioned in the Mahayana sutras, mixed with the indigenous Japanese idea of ritual purity and blood as a source of impurity, led to the establishment of the view that women were sinful and could not obtain salvation. Women were considered as weak humans and should be there for husband, not for themselves. This is not totally referred in the film; however, in the first half of the film, Masago, one of the main characters, is portrayed as a weak, always crying, woman who obeys her husband. The director Kurosawa gave a joke when interviewed ‘why did this film this famous in west?’ and he answered ‘Because it’s a story about rape’. It was a joke but it is obvious that sexuality is one of the themes of this film. The character Masako, however, later is portrayed as a strong human, ordering guys to fight each other with a big laugh. It shows the nature of some of the women in general who can be stronger even than the men.

Victoria Carty - Textual Portrayals of Female Athletes: Liberation or Nuanced Forms of Patriarchy? - Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 26:2

Carty, Victoria. "Textual Portrayals of Female Athletes: Liberation of Nuanced Forms of Patriarchy?" Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 26.2 (2005): 132-172.

In Victoria Carty's article, she explores the portrayal of female athletes in today’s media by looking at print ads and television and radio commentary within the context of the radical feminist and post-feminist discourse. Carty states that while radical feminists embrace women’s increased opportunities to participate and thrive in competitive sports, they argue that the commoditization and subsequent exploitation of female athletes’ sexuality not only diminishes their athletic accomplishments but also reinforces the strength of the patriarchal system. On the other hand, post-feminists do not accept the objectification of women, but instead choose to work within the male-centered system that their radical feminist counterparts abhor. By choosing to use their sexuality as strength, post-feminists work to change the system from within by using the attributes that were once deemed as impediments to their advantage. Carty ultimately argues that female athletes and their supporters must ignore the oppressive qualities of commercialized competitive sports and instead use sports to their advantage.

While the film itself does not center around sports (although it is interesting to note that Dr. Peterson is characterized as a frustrated gymnast and avid swimmer during her introduction to Dr. Edwardes), the article becomes relevant to Spellbound if one approaches the work environment of Green Manors as a place not of competitive athletes, but of competitive intellectuals. Obviously there are differences between physical and mental competition, but in many ways the environments created by the competitive attitude are remarkably similar. The treatment of Dr. Peterson played by Ingrid Bergman is extremely similar to the atmosphere that Carty argues many female athletes encounter in today’s culture. While it appears that Dr. Peterson attempts to obscure her sexuality by wearing glasses and a baggy and unflattering lab coat in her work environment, a move that would find favor with radical feminist ideology, she also builds and nurtures strong relationships with her male coworkers, which according to post-feminists is one way to reinforce one’s heterosexuality and appear less threatening to the in-control males. Dr. Peterson constantly is forced to play within the boundaries that society has set up for her, case in point is her later encounter with the hotel detective. While she is portrayed as a strong female through out the film, she can never escape the behavioral expectations that force her altar her action and strategy in order to conform to the laws of men.

Mixed music: In memory of Satyajit Ray

This article remembers Satyajit Ray as a "lyrical chronicle of rural poverty" and reflects upon Ray's accomplishments as a master in his field. The importance placed by Ray on the story and plot of a film elevated him to be the sole representative of Indian cinema for the Western world. Although this might have been a false representation of all films being churned out by the Indian movie industry, Ray truly stood out as an anomaly in the sea of directors from his own home country. The author speaks of Ray's ideas of "feminism" and how his movies were the perfect combination of a traditional Indian woman with moral bales and the contemporary strong willed independent woman who fought for her rights. The author also mentions Ray's final film, The Stranger, alluding to the transformation Ray underwent as a director and the renewal of humor in this film, which had always been a strong element of Ray's sensibilities. This film was ‘lighter' that his previous works, prompting critics to believe that it gestures a renewal of his personal self and health. Finally, paying the due respect to Ray by calling him "The Last Great Man of the Indian Renaissance" the author respects the elegance with which he left the world - on his death bead, smiling, while accepting the Lifetime Achievement Award.

After watching Pather Panchali, and reading an article like this, it becomes evident that a Satyajit Ray injected aspects of his own personality when molding characters for his movies. The elegance and calmness with which he viewed the world seems to be reflected in the father's character in the movie. Also, Durga seems to be the quintessential example of Ray's view of Indian women of the time, as he shows a young girl full of life, yet extremely responsible towards her family. Therefore, in order to understand Ray as a person, it is of paramount importance to watch his first, and possibly last film.

Tagore's women: Satyajit Ray and bollywood - South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies

This article stresses upon the differences between the portrayal of women in Indian popular cinema and India's art film circuit. The author has used examples of films made by Satyajit Ray, and particularity those that were adaptations of short stories by Rabindranath Tagore. She suggests that Bollywood uses its women as metaphor's for suffering of the downtrodden or for India, or alternatively as the stereotype of a restricted Indian woman's life. Art films, she claims stray from this stereotype and revert back to classic Indian literature and try to explore the themes of marital relationships and steer clear of motherhood. She argues that Indian audiences in the past have preferred the stereotypical image of a woman and her ‘place' in society. But recently a growing appreciation has begun for the realistic portrayal of modern women in popular cinema. Finally, she argues that over time, women have adopted the dominant ‘subject' in all types of Indian films.

This article is very pertinent to Pather Panchali because although it is meant to be a story about a young boy Apu, the dominant characters of the film are played by two women - Durga and her mother. Apu is brought up in a household of three women who are at different stages in their lives. Thus overall the movie has a very comprehensive and real take on women of all ages, living in poverty in a small village in Bengal. Ray's depiction of women here is a mixture of the two ideas of the portrayal of women in Indian cinema. Although the mother seems to be more wary of her relationship with her husband, she is the sole caretaker of her two children, thereby stressing her role as both mother and wife. This is a realistic depiction of women in cinema, and came about at a time where people (Indian audiences) were not ready to accept such a strong reality. Thus, the movie was termed as an art-house film in India, although it received worldwide recognition.

Sentencing female misdemeanants: An examination of the direct and indirect effects of race/ethnicity

Brennan,PK . "Sentencing female misdemeanants: An examination of the direct and indirect effects of race/ethnicity" Justice Quarterly [0741-8825] 23.1 (2006). 60-95.

Gender and crime : patterns of victimization and offending / edited by Karen Heimer and Candace Kruttschnitt.

Gender and crime : patterns of victimization and offending / edited by Karen Heimer and Candace Kruttschnitt. [0814736742 (cloth : alk. paper) ] New York : New York University, c2005.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HV6158 .G457 2006

YouTube - Women In Art

Gender differences in computer science students

Women and graduate business education: The Lauder Institute at the University of Pennsylvania

How low-income African American women take up opportunities when technology education is linked to social service

Women of Color

Info on the annual Women of Color celebration at Penn

'We Speak Your Names' by Pearl Cleage (excerpt)

Excerpt from the wonderful poem read at the 2006 Women of Color lunch

Kaiser Family Foundation

A non-profit, private operating foundation focusing on the major health care issues facing the nation. Topics covered range from health insurance coverage, Medicaid, Medicare, state health policy to minority health, STDs, and women's health policy.

From suffrage to the senate ; America's political women ; an encyclopedia of leaders, causes and issues.

Schenken, Suzanne O'Dea.. . From suffrage to the senate ; America's political women ; an encyclopedia of leaders, causes and issues. [1592371175 ] Millerton, NY Grey House Publishing

A PARADISE LIKE EVE'S: THREE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH FEMALE UTOPIAS.

Schnorrenberg . "A PARADISE LIKE EVE'S: THREE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH FEMALE UTOPIAS." Women's studies [0049-7878] 9.3 (1982). 263-273.

let us have our libertie againe

McGrath . ""LET US HAVE OUR LIBERTIE AGAINE": AMELIA LANIER'S 17TH-CENTURY FEMINIST VOICE." Women's studies [0049-7878] 20.3 (1992). 331-348.

communion of the saints

Willen . ""COMMUNION OF THE SAINTS": SPIRITUAL RECIPROCITY AND THE GODLY COMMUNITY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND." Albion [0095-1390] 27.1 (1995). 19-41.

MAIDENS' LIGHTS AND WIVES' STORES: WOMEN'S PARISH GUILDS IN LATE MEDIEVAL ENGLAND.

French . "MAIDENS' LIGHTS AND WIVES' STORES: WOMEN'S PARISH GUILDS IN LATE MEDIEVAL ENGLAND." The Sixteenth century journal [0361-0160] 29.2 (1998). 399-425.

be unto me as a precious ointment

Hellwarth . ""BE UNTO ME AS A PRECIOUS OINTMENT": LADY GRACE MILDMAY, SIXTEENTH-CENTURY FEMALE PRACTITIONER." Dynamis [0211-9536] 19 (1999). 95-117.

AEMILIA LANYER AND THE POLITICS OF PRAISE.

Ng . "AEMILIA LANYER AND THE POLITICS OF PRAISE." ELH [0013-8304] 67.2 (2000). 433-451.

Lived experience of South Asian immigrant women in Atlantic Canada : the interconnections of race, class, and gender / Helen Ralston.

Ralston, Helen. . Lived experience of South Asian immigrant women in Atlantic Canada : the interconnections of race, class, and gender / Helen Ralston. [0773487611 ] Lewiston, N.Y. : Edwin Mellen Press, c1996.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1453 .R35 1996

Meaning-making for South Asian immigrant women in Canada / Naghmana Zahida Ali.

Ali, Naghmana Zahida, 1961- . Meaning-making for South Asian immigrant women in Canada / Naghmana Zahida Ali. 2004.
Call#: In Process In Process

Constructing and challenging mixed-race identities among South Asian women in Canada [microform].

Ray, Shumona, 1974- . Constructing and challenging mixed-race identities among South Asian women in Canada [microform]. [061278259X ] Ottawa : National Library of Canada = BibliotheÌ€que nationale du Canada, [2004]

Women of Sri Lanka. Supplement no. 1 : an annotated bibliography / Leelangi Wanasundera.

Wanasundera, Leelangi. . Women of Sri Lanka. Supplement no. 1 : an annotated bibliography / Leelangi Wanasundera. [955905208X ] Colombo : Centre for Women's Research, 1990.
Call#: Van Pelt Library Z7964.S72 W37 1990

Politics of gender and women's agency in post-colonial Sri Lanka / Selvy Thiruchandran.

Thiruchandran, Selvy. . Politics of gender and women's agency in post-colonial Sri Lanka / Selvy Thiruchandran. [9559261045 ] Colombo : Women's Education and Research Centre, 1997.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1236.5.S72 T55 1997

Fighters, Victims and Survivors: Constructions of Ethnicity, Gender and Refugeeness among Tamils in Sri Lanka

Schrijvers,J . "Fighters, Victims and Survivors: Constructions of Ethnicity, Gender and Refugeeness among Tamils in Sri Lanka" Journal of refugee studies [0951-6328] 12.3 (1999). 307-333.

Powers of Tamil women / edited by Susan S. Wadley ; contributors, Sheryl B. Daniel ... [et al.].

Powers of Tamil women / edited by Susan S. Wadley ; contributors, Sheryl B. Daniel ... [et al.]. [0915984822 ] Syracuse, N.Y. : Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1980.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1744.T3 P68

Special caste? : Tamil women of Sri Lanka / Else Skjonsberg.

Skjonsberg, Else. . Special caste? : Tamil women of Sri Lanka / Else Skjonsberg. [0862320712 ] London : Zed Press ; Westport, Conn. : U.S. distributor, L. Hill, 1982.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1735.8 .S5

Women, transition, and change : a study of the impact of conflict and displacement on women in traditional Tamil society.

Women, transition, and change : a study of the impact of conflict and displacement on women in traditional Tamil society. Colombo : Institute of Agriculture and Women in Development, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, and Gala Academic Press, c1995.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1735.8 .W645 1995

Transactions of the institute of British geographers

Transactions of the institute of British geographers [0020-2754] 31.1 (2006). 19-.

Women in post-independence Sri Lanka / edited by Swarna Jayaweera.

Women in post-independence Sri Lanka / edited by Swarna Jayaweera. [076199503X ] New Delhi ; Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications, 2002.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1735.8 .W643 2002

Stage managing the de'cor : gender, ethnicity, and conflict / Radhika Coomaraswamy.

Coomaraswamy, Radhika. . Stage managing the deÌcor : gender, ethnicity, and conflict / Radhika Coomaraswamy. [9555820147 ] Colombo : Marga Institute, 2001.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HN670.8.Z9 S625 2001 v.11

Association of Women Surgeons

The Cultural Significance of Breastfeeding and Infant Care in Early Modern England and America.

Salmon,M . "The Cultural Significance of Breastfeeding and Infant Care in Early Modern England and America." Journal of social history [0022-4529] 28.2 (1994).

A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Women Beware Women: Feminism, Anti-Feminism and the Limitations of Satire

"A Chaste Maid in Cheapside and Women Beware Women: Feminism, Anti-Feminism and the Limitations of Satire" Cahiers Elisabethains: Late Medieval and Renaissance Studies [0184-7678] 39 (1991). 29-.

'Man-Like Expertise and Feminine Sense' in Early Modern England

"'Man-Like Expertise and Feminine Sense' in Early Modern England" Thamyris [1381-1312] 3.1 (1996). 193-.

Midwiving subjects in Shakespeare's England / Caroline Bicks.

Bicks, Caroline, 1966- . Midwiving subjects in Shakespeare's England / Caroline Bicks. [0754609383 (alk. paper) ] Aldershot, England ; Burlington, VT : Ashgate, c2003.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PR2992.M53 B53 2003

Eve : sex, childbirth & motherhood through the ages / Petrina Brown.

Brown, Petrina. . Eve : sex, childbirth & motherhood through the ages / Petrina Brown. [1840243783 ] Chichester, West Sussex, UK : Summersdale, c2004.
Call#: Van Pelt Library GT2460 .B76 2004

Secret births and infanticide in seventeeth-century England.

"Secret births and infanticide in seventeeth-century England." Past [0031-2746] .156 (1997). 87-.

The Politics of Reproduction in the English Reformation.

"The Politics of Reproduction in the English Reformation." Representations [0734-6018] .87 (2004). 43-.

Women and gender in early modern Europe / Merry E. Wiesner.

Wiesner, Merry E., 1952- . Women and gender in early modern Europe / Merry E. Wiesner. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1587 .W54 2000

Birth, marriage, and death : ritual, religion, and the life-cycle in Tudor and Stuart England / David Cressy.

Cressy, David. . Birth, marriage, and death : ritual, religion, and the life-cycle in Tudor and Stuart England / David Cressy. [0198201680 ] Oxford [Eng.] : Oxford University Press, 1997.
Call#: Van Pelt Library DA380 .C74 1997

Vernacular bodies : the politics of reproduction in early modern England / Mary E. Fissell.

Fissell, Mary Elizabeth. . Vernacular bodies : the politics of reproduction in early modern England / Mary E. Fissell. [0199269882 (alk. paper) ] Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2004.
Call#: Van Pelt Library GT2465.G7 F57 2004

Woman in the body : a cultural analysis of reproduction / Emily Martin.

Martin, Emily. . Woman in the body : a cultural analysis of reproduction / Emily Martin. [0807046043 : ] Boston : Beacon Press, c1987.
Call#: Van Pelt Library RG103.5 .M37 1987

Stealing Our Heritage?: Women's folksongs in Algeria

Goodman,J . "Africa today. XLIX/1 (spring, 2002)" Africa today [0001-9887] 49.1 (2002). 85-97.

Friedberg, Anne. An Unheimlich Maneuver between Psychoanalysis and Cinema: Secrets of the Soul (1926).

Call#: Van Pelt Library PN1998.3.P34 F5 1990

Friedberg, Anne. “An Unheimlich Maneuver between Psychoanalysis and Cinema: Secrets of the Soul (1926).” The Films of G.W. Pabst: An Extraterritorial Cinema. Ed. Eric Rentschler. New Brunswick and London: Rutgers UP, 1990.

Friedberg introduces her article with a look at the twin birth of psychoanalysis and cinema and argues that "Freud's theory of the unconscious. . .was, from the start, a theory in search of an apparatus. Yet the cinema, an apparatus which could reproduce and project specular images, from its beginnings, an apparatus in search of a theory" (41). Drawing on Chodorkoff and Baxter, Friedberg offers a reading of the history of the making of Secrets of the Soul, including Freud's rejection of the project. She calls the film the first 'that directly tried to represent psychoanalytic descriptions of the etiology of a phobia and the method of psychoanalytic treatment" (45). Friedberg points to the various ironic name puns having to do with Freud's lack of involvment in the film: that Pabst, the director of Joyless Street--Die FREUDlose Gasse (my emphasis) was asked to direct a film "mit Freud," when Freud refused to be involved; and that the actor who plays the pshychoanalyst in Secrets, Pavel Pavlov, shares his name with "Freud's mightiest theoretical opponent, the physiologist Ivan Pavlov" (46). Friedman goes on to describe and analyze the film, which she notes is separated into five parts: Pre-Dream; The Dream; Post-Dream; Analysis; and Cure. She notes that the happy ending of the film works as a kind of advertisement for psychoanalysis, arguing that Abraham and Sachs in consulting on the film, intented to "extol its curative virtues" (51).

Acoustic mirror : the female voice in psychoanalysis and cinema / Kaja Silverman.

Silverman, Kaja.. Acoustic mirror : the female voice in psychoanalysis and cinema / Kaja Silverman. [0253302846] Bloomington : Indiana University Press, c1988.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PN1995.9.W6 S57 1988

Mystic leeway / Frances Gregg ; edited by Ben Jones ; with an account of Frances Gregg by Oliver Marlow Wilkinson.

Gregg, Frances, 1885-1941.. Mystic leeway / Frances Gregg ; edited by Ben Jones ; with an account of Frances Gregg by Oliver Marlow Wilkinson. [0886292506 (bound)] Ottawa : Carleton University Press, 1995.
Call#: Van Pelt Library CT275.G74 A3 1995

H.D. and Freud : bisexuality and a feminine discourse / Claire Buck.

Buck, Claire.. H.D. and Freud : bisexuality and a feminine discourse / Claire Buck. [0312019580] New York : St. Martin's Press, 1991.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PS3507.O726 Z55 1991

H.D. and the public sphere of modernist women writers, 1913-1946 : talking women / Georgina Taylor.

Taylor, Georgina.. H.D. and the public sphere of modernist women writers, 1913-1946 : talking women / Georgina Taylor. [0198187130] Oxford : Clarendon Press ; Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, 2001.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PS3507.O726 Z88 2001

Wood, Naomi. "Domesticating Dreams in Walt Disney's Cinderella." The Lion and the Unicorn 20.1 (1996): 25-49.

Wood examines how Disney uses his film Cinderella to “civilize” his viewers by presenting models of proper behavior while entertaining them. Snow White, like Cinderella, sings while she does her household chores. In analyzing Disney’s conservative ideology, she touches upon how his views affect his other works, such as Snow White.

To keep his films entertaining, Disney reworked European marchen. He included well-loved romantic plots and added comic relief through subplots involving animals and secondary characters, such as the dwarves in Snow White. Marriage is based on love, rather than family constraints. “Love’s first kiss” wakes both Snow White and Sleeping Beauty from their slumbers. Disney used realism in his animated films to present a sense of immediacy to his audience. He included a solid plot and clear personalities to the characters so that viewers would feel a deeper connection with the story. The seven dwarves in Snow White each have their own unique name, temperament, and appearance. The recurring gags, often in the form of handicaps, also keep children viewers interested. For example, Dopey is mute and clumsy while Doc has a stutter and is absent-minded.

Disney supports wish-fulfillment, as is evident in his films. Dreams in Cinderella are similarly important in Snow White. While Cinderella sings of “A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes,” Snow White opens her story with “I’m wishing / For the one I love / To find me.” Disney reassures viewers that with good effort and self-control, one will get the desired result. According to him, the ultimate wish for girls is to marry the rich and handsome Mr. Right.

Shortsleeve, Kevin. "The Wonderful World of the Depression: Disney, Despotism, and the 1930's, Or, Why Disney Scares Us." The Lion and the Unicorn 28.1 (2004): 1-30.

Shortsleeve tries to articulate the fear that Disney inspires in critics, and from where this fear originates. He views it as a slippery slope process. Beginning in the 1930’s, criticism of Disney’s corporate, artistic, and public influences worsened with time. Disney’s personal ideology, reflected in the way he worked with people, appears in his films.
            Walt Disney elicits a range of complaints from critics. The primary one that appears is of the “Disneyfication” of fairy tales, the simplification of stories. Many critics view the Disney versions as patronizing and overly sentimental. Disney has created a form of entertainment that restricts thought-provoking expression. Others argue that the racial stereotypes Disney shows in his films encourage racism in viewers across the world and further US imperialist agenda. Feminists claim that depictions of Barbie-like heroines give young girls negative body images. Some say that Walt Disney has unacceptable labor practices in his studios and that he displays a false innocence to the media.
            Shortsleeve believes that what frightens people is that the Disney Company has remained unchanged from its glory days in the 1930’s. After bitter arguments with his animators in 1941, Walt Disney lost his confidence, and the company ideologically stalled in the “magic” of the ‘30s. The company still exhibits contradictory values, with heavy-handed management of employees, yet support for the common man in its films. The incongruity of its totalitarian tendencies with its democracy attractions at its amusement parks leads to confusion from critics and the general public alike. This confusion has led to tension, suspicion, and paranoia.
            Despite his criticism, Shortsleeve acknowledges the positive impact Disney has had on America, especially during the Great Depression. Audiences wanted to escape their dreary lives for two hours, to enter a fantasy world where everything ends happily. When Disney decided to create his first full-length animated film (Snow White), even his oppressed employees regained new hope and excitement at the thought of being involved in such a ground-breaking project.

Snow White exhibits the “Disneyfication” about which so many critics complained. It diverges from the original Grimm version toward simplification and sentimentality. Disney’s clear belief in self-reliance and hard work are evident in the dwarves’ “Heigh Ho, It’s Off to Work We Go” song, as well as in Snow White’s agreeable temperament while doing chores. Disney expected his animators to work just as willingly, but they were unhappy that they would not receive screen credit for their efforts, and so began the strike in ’41 that destroyed Walt’s confidence and locked the company in its ‘30s mindset.

Stone, Kay. "Things Walt Disney Never Told Us." The Journal of American Folklore 88.347 (1975): 42-50.

Stone argues that Walt Disney has created household names of heroines in his films, but in so doing, is encouraging passivity and inaction from female viewers who are influenced by the pretty-but-dumb characters. Disney has changed the role of women from the original stories for the worse in his films. The Grimm brothers have 40 heroines in their tales, and not all are passive and pretty. Their villains are not always women, either. While Grimm heroines are often not rewarded for having spirit, Disney females are even less so. The three Disney films based on other fairy tales (Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, and Cinderella) all star an innocent, beautiful girl who is victimized by a jealous, evil villainess.

Disney encourages the image of a perfect housewife in his heroines. They all exhibit patience, obedience, passivity, diligence, silence, and beauty. To become a heroine for Disney, one must have all those qualities. To mute the heroine inside oneself, one must simply don dirty rags. While in Disney, Cinderella is only a heroine when properly cleaned and dressed, in traditional fairy tales, the heroines may be unattractive and disheveled. Their appearance does not affect their success. In Snow White, it is her beauty that eventually leads to her success. It is because of her face that the prince falls in love with her and frees her from sleeping death with love’s first kiss.

In recent tales, there is great disparity between hero and heroine characteristics. Heroes are judged on their ability to overcome difficulties. They succeed by acting. Heroines, on the other hand, do not develop throughout the story because they start out perfect, without defects. All they need is their beauty and passivity to succeed. This is apparent in both the Grimm and Disney versions of Snow White. Snow White’s beauty is emphasized, as is her kindness toward others and chipper attitude toward housework. She does nothing in either version, except clean house and look pretty, qualities that Stone believes Disney is encouraging in women throughout the world.

The End of Romance: The Demystification of Love in the Postmodern Age

Dowd, James J. and Pallotta, Nicole R. "The End of Romance: The Demystification of Love in the Postmodern Age." Sociological Perspectives 43.4 (2000): 549-580. JSTOR: The Scholarly Journal Archive. University of Pennsylvania Library, Philadelphia. 2 April 2006 <http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/7076>

In this article, Dowd and Pallotta offer a sociological perspective on the movie genre of romantic comedies. Cultural ideals of romance, they say, have changed throughout time, and the changes of the 20th century can be analyzed through movies. Movies are imbedded with cultural scripts that reflect the social norms of various ages. Dowd and Pallotta aim to complete a systematic analysis of romantic comedies, and to do so, they set strict definitions for what would constitute such a movie, leaving out movies that were no longer available, movies that featured romance only as a side plot, movies that mixed genres, and more. After using their definitions to rule out all inapplicable films, they ends up 182 films that qualified, all made between 1930 and 1999. Though not individually analyzed, Sabrina was included in this group of films, thus contributing to the analysis as a whole.

Because this article takes a methodological approach, it is not very accessible for the average film scholar. It also talks about trends as a whole, leaving out the detailed scene analyses that those interested in films often enjoy. But the article does a good job of trying to examine what the medium of film might have to say about our culture, and its strength lies in its ability to offer empirical evidence of trends, such as an explosion of romantic comedies in the 1990s, as opposed to individual examples. In this way, we can look at the trends of particular decades. When Sabrina was released, in the 1950s, for example, romantic drama was more popular than romantic comedy, a reversal of what is currently true. Other subsets that are popular now, such as teen romances or romances that feature supernatural elements (like 1990's Ghost), were nearly nonexistent in the 1950s.

The study also found that cultural conditions have effectively killed many formerly popular plotlines of romance movies. Couples in different classes, for example, no longer offer a "convincing dramatic impediment." Movies that feature these aging romantic conventions," then, can only remain popular today as "relics of an earlier era." This statement serves to justify Sabrina's ongoing popularity despite its perhaps hard-to-swallow plotline. All in all, romantic films, even the current ones, do continue to reinforce some of the more conservative romantic tendencies in our culture, namely the importance of marriage and fidelity, and this has not changed since the days when Sabrina was released.

Gender, Caretaking and the Three Sabrinas

Wood, Gerald C. "Gender, Caretaking and the Three Sabrinas." Literature Film Quarterly 28.1 (2000): 72-77.

Gerald C. Wood examines the three incarnations of the Sabrina story, including Samuel Taylor's 1953 stage play, Billy Wilder's 1954 film, and Sydney Pollack's 1995 remake film. Wood ironically finds that the earliest version featured the most empowered female character.

All three versions have the same essential Cinderella story skeleton. The "Cinderella" terminology that is often used in describing them is not quite apt, however, because the character of Sabrina is self-reliant and never depends on a man to save her. How strong she is does vary from version to version, though.

Wood argues that in the original play, Sabrina is autonomous, politically active, and well-educated. She returns from Paris not because she is in love with David Larrabee, but to escape a marriage proposal that she doesn't want to be tied down to. She doesn't need to be rescued, and her relationship with Linus becomes one of mutual companionship. Gender and class issues are sidestepped when Sabrina declares herself as self-supporting and her chauffer father comes into a windfall of money.

In the play's original adaptation for the screen, Wilder and his associates conceived Sabrina as a teenager in puppy love. Though her time in Paris leaves her sophisticated, this Sabrina is not educated or assertive, like her predecessor, and becomes an object to be passed between the Larrabee brothers. She chooses Linus, in the end, because she wanted to care for him. Wood argues that this allows the movie to become "a dark study of gender," because "Sabrina feels strongest when she is helpful to others, when she denies her own needs and desires." Wood refers to the theories of developmental psychologist Nancy Chodorow, which state that while boys develop intimacy problems, girls learn to doubt their identities. This can lead to passivity and vulnerability to manipulation in women like Sabrina.

Wood reasons that the 1995 film version, while not without problems, is instilled with better representations of gender politics. The Sabrina character is in the fashion industry, less domestic than cooking, and while in Paris she "finds herself." This autonomous description is at odds with her actions, though, as she still displays a tendency towards caretaking.

All three versions are at fault because class and gender problems disappear without explanation during the happy ending. The film versions, though, let Sabrina be manipulated by men and lose her own identity. Wood's analysis of the role of gender in the play and films gives readers a way to understand these ingrained cultural messages, rather than just consuming the film as entertainment.

Innocence Abroad: Henry James and the Re-Invention of the American Woman Abroad

"Innocence Abroad: Henry James and the Re-Invention of the American Woman Abroad" The Henry James review [0273-0340] 22.2 (2001). 107-.

Daisy Miller: Cowboy Feminist

"Daisy Miller: Cowboy Feminist" The Henry James review [0273-0340] 22.1 (2001). 41-.

American Women's Dime Novels, 1870-1920

"Images, information, and discussion about these inexpensive novels marketed to women in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Includes lists of writers (some with biographical information) and publishers, an overview of the dime novel series, a cover galley, and links to articles and stories. Discusses libraries with dime novel collections. From the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University." (via LII)

Famous Firsts by American Women

"Timeline of major milestones achieved by women throughout American history, such as Elizabeth Blackwell (1849), the first woman in the U.S. with a medical degree; Belva Ann Lockwood (1879), the first woman admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court; and Effa Manley (2006), the first woman elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Includes links to additional information for selected women. From Information Please." (via LII)

Wikipedia article on stewardesses

Coffee, Tea or Me? The Uninhibited Memoirs of Two Airline Stewardesses

Femininity in flight: Flight attendants, glamour, and pink-collar activism in the twentieth-century United States

Barry, Kathleen Morgan. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 2002 Dissertation.

Women's labor aloft: A cultural history of airline flight attendants in the United States, 1930-1978

Kolm, Suzanne Lee. BROWN UNIVERSITY 1995 Dissertation.

Lifting the Weight: Flight Attendants' Challenges To Enforced Thinness

From sky girl to flight attendant : women and the making of a union / Georgia Panter Nielsen ; introduction by Alice H. Cook.

Nielsen, Georgia Panter, 1937- . From sky girl to flight attendant : women and the making of a union / Georgia Panter Nielsen ; introduction by Alice H. Cook. [0875460933 : ] [Ithica, N.Y.] : New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University, [1982]
Call#: Lippincott Library HD6079.2.U5 N53 1982

Bachelor girl : the secret history of single women in the twentieth century / Betsy Israel.

Israel, Betsy, 1958-. Bachelor girl : the secret history of single women in the twentieth century / Betsy Israel. [0380976498 (hard)] New York : William Morrow, c2002.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ800.2 .I85 2002

FROM SMILES TO MILES: DELTA AIR LINES FLIGHT ATTENDANTS AND SOUTHERN HOSPITALITY.

Whitelegg . "FROM SMILES TO MILES: DELTA AIR LINES FLIGHT ATTENDANTS AND SOUTHERN HOSPITALITY." Southern cultures [1068-8218] 11.4 (2005). 7-27.

Women and International Development Program Internet Resource Guide

A great internet resource for finding International organizations dealing with womens' issues around the world.

The Glory of Woman: Prescriptive Literature in the Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture

from Duke...view it with IE (not Firefox)

Scholar and Feminist Online

"Archive of issues of a "triannual, multimedia, online-only journal of feminist theories and women's movements." Topics of some of the issues include feminist television studies, Zora Neale Hurston, feminism and violence, the legacy of Margaret Mead, and feminist views of the family. Includes photos, videos of conference proceedings, and other material from the collection of the Barnard Center for Research on Women. From Barnard College." (via LII)

2002 Survey of Business Owners (SBO)

Feminine focus : the new women playwrights / edited by Enoch Brater.

Feminine focus : the new women playwrights / edited by Enoch Brater. [0195057880 (alk. paper)] New York : Oxford University Press, 1989.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PS151 .F46 1989

Women playwrights of diversity : a bio-bibliographical sourcebook / by Jane T. Peterson and Suzanne Bennett.

Peterson, Jane T.. Women playwrights of diversity : a bio-bibliographical sourcebook / by Jane T. Peterson and Suzanne Bennett. [0313291799 (alk. paper)] Westport, Conn : Greenwood Press, 1997.
Call#: Van Pelt Library Reference Stacks PS338.W6 P48 1997

Contemporary African American female playwrights : an annotated bibliography / Dana A. Williams.

Williams, Dana A., 1972-. Contemporary African American female playwrights : an annotated bibliography / Dana A. Williams. [0313301328 (alk. paper)] Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1998.
Call#: Van Pelt Library Reference Stacks PS338.N4 W22 1998

Black women playwrights : visions on the American stage / edited by Carol P. Marsh-Lockett.

Black women playwrights : visions on the American stage / edited by Carol P. Marsh-Lockett. [0815327463 (alk. paper)] New York : Garland Pub., 1999.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PS338.N4 B57 1999

Cambridge companion to modern British women playwrights / edited by Elaine Aston and Janelle Reinelt.

Cambridge companion to modern British women playwrights / edited by Elaine Aston and Janelle Reinelt. [0521594227] Cambridge, U.K. ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2000.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PR739.F45 C36 2000

Feminist views on the English stage : women playwrights, 1990-2000 / Elaine Aston.

Aston, Elaine. . Feminist views on the English stage : women playwrights, 1990-2000 / Elaine Aston. [052180003X ] Cambridge, U.K. ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PR739.F45 A77 2003

Contemporary Black and Asian women playwrights in Britain / Gabriele Griffin.

Griffin, Gabriele. . Contemporary Black and Asian women playwrights in Britain / Gabriele Griffin. [0521817250 ] Cambridge, U.K. ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PR739.F45 G75 2003

Southern women playwrights : new essays in literary history and criticism / edited by Robert L. McDonald and Linda Rohrer Paige.

Southern women playwrights : new essays in literary history and criticism / edited by Robert L. McDonald and Linda Rohrer Paige. [0817310797 (cloth : alk. paper)] Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, c2002.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PS261 .S57 2002

African American women playwrights : a research guide / edited by Christy Gavin.

African American women playwrights : a research guide / edited by Christy Gavin. [0815323840 (alk. paper)] New York : Garland Pub., 1999.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PS153.N5 G29 1999

Women Pulitzer playwrights : biographical profiles and analyses of the plays / Carolyn Casey Craig.

Craig, Carolyn Casey, 1947- . Women Pulitzer playwrights : biographical profiles and analyses of the plays / Carolyn Casey Craig. [0786418818 ] Jefferson, N.C. : McFarland & Co., 2004.
Call#: Van Pelt Library PS338.W6 C73 2004

Women playwrights of diversity : a bio-bibliographical sourcebook / by Jane T. Peterson and Suzanne Bennett.

Black American Feminisms Bibliography: Introduction

Black American Feminism is not a comprehensive bibliography of black American feminist thought, however, it does seek to be comprehensive in subject coverage, citing sources from numerous subject areas within the humanities, social sciences, and health, medicine and science. Citations date back to the nineteenth century to the present, with the majority of references representing the very influential contemporary black feminist thought that emerged in the the 1970s and continues today. The bibliography is primarily arranged by discipline and subject. There are 4 broad discipline based section headings: Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences; Education; Health, Medicine and Science; and 6 sections related to format: (Auto)biographies, Memoirs, and Personal Narratives; Interviews; Speeches; Multidisciplinary Anthologies; Periodicals: Special Issues; and Web Sites. Under the disciplines, citations are arranged under more narrow subject headings. In cases where a text fits into multiple categories an effort was made to cite it in both areas. Many sources appear in various books and journals. Reprints that I have knowledge of are noted so that researchers have options when trying to locate materials.

WISCONSIN BIBLIOGRAPHIES IN WOMEN'S STUDIES

"Collection of bibliographies on a variety of topics related to women's studies, such as women novelists and mystery writers, women in the performing and visual arts, ecofeminism, Jewish women, "the glass ceiling," women in higher education, and "Brave, Active & Resourceful Females in Picture Books." From the Women's Studies Librarian's Office, University of Wisconsin." (via LII)

The First Measured Century: Interviews: Segment 11 - The Feminine Mystique

"Interviews with and about Betty Friedan, "the Founder of the National Organization for Women, the National Women's Caucus, and the National Abortion Rights Action League" and author of books such as "The Feminine Mystique." From the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) program, "The First Measured Century."" (via LII)

uswomenwithoutborders.org

"This site features educational materials on issues affecting women, such as trafficking in women and girls, honor killings, and the war in Sudan. Find articles about current events, discussion groups, and details about legislation and opportunities to help improve the situation of women. A project of the Women's Funding Network, "an international organization ... committed to improving the status of women and girls locally, nationally and globally."' (via LII)

Military and militarism in Israeli society / edited by Edna Lomsky-Feder and Eyal Ben-Ari.

Military and militarism in Israeli society / edited by Edna Lomsky-Feder and Eyal Ben-Ari. [0791443515 (alk. paper)] Albany : State University of New York Press, c1999.
Call#: Van Pelt Library U21.5 .M445 1999

Women in the Israel Defense Forces : a symposium held on 21 November 2002 at the Israel Democracy Institute / [editor in chief, Uri Dromi].

Women in the Israel Defense Forces : a symposium held on 21 November 2002 at the Israel Democracy Institute / [editor in chief, Uri Dromi]. [9657091683 ] Jerusalem : Army and Society Forum, 2003.
Call#: Van Pelt Library UB419.I75 W65 2003

Franklin: Penn Library Catalog - Brief Record View

Education - Girls' Education

"This website discusses issues related to the education of girls and gender equity in education. Features an overview of the benefits of promoting increased girls' education in low-income countries, an outline of key issues (such as drop-out rates and poverty), data resources, publications, details about projects in specific countries, and related links. From the World Bank." (via LII)

Herstory [microform]

Herstory [microform]. Berkeley, Calif. : Women's History Research Center, 1971- Call#: Microfilm cont 319 Covers newsletters, journals, and newspapers published by women's liberation groups between 1956 and 1971. International in scope.

Columbia documentary history of American women since 1941 / edited by Harriet Sigerman.

Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1420 .C65 2003

Modern American women : a documentary history / [compiled by] Susan Ware.

Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1410 .M63 2002

Women and the national experience : primary sources in American history / [edited by] Ellen Skinner.

Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1410 .W644 2003

Letters to Ms., 1972-1987 / edited by Mary Thom ; introduction by Gloria Steinem ; afterword by Eva Moseley.

Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1426 .L475 1987

Public women, public words : a documentary history of American feminism / edited by Dawn Keetley and John Pettegrew.

Call#: Van Pelt Library Reference Stacks HQ1410 .K444 1997

GenderWatch

Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600-2000

A searchable collection of primary documents and images on a wide range of topics pertaining to U.S. women's history.

Contemporary Women's Issues

This full-text database provides international coverage of current issues such as employment and the workplace, social & political issues, violence and exploitation, development and human rights, health and reproductive rights, legal issues, education, culture and customs, demographics, contemporary family life, and arts and media. Holdings: 1992 to the present, (selected reports back to 1990).

Lesbian Herstory Archives

"The Lesbian Herstory Archives of New York City, the largest and oldest Lesbian archive in the world, began in 1973 as an outgrowth of a Lesbian consciousness-raising group at the Gay Academic Union. The founders were concerned about the failure of mainstream publishers, libraries, archives, and research institutions to value Lesbian culture. It became obvious that the only way to insure the preservation of Lesbian culture and history was to establish an independent archives governed by Lesbians."

The Harvard Law School Forum - Audio Archive

"The Forum is a non-partisan student organization of Harvard Law School dedicated to bringing open discussion of a broad range of legal, political and social issues to the Harvard Law School campus." The audio of past programs (some dating back to 1954) is archived here.

Agents of Social Change: New Resources on 20th Century Women's Activism (Sophia Smith Collection--Lesson Plans and Primary Sources)

"In 1997 the Sophia Smith Collection (SSC) at Smith College received a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities to process eight collections: the papers of Constance Baker Motley, Dorothy Kenyon, Mary Kaufman, Frances Fox Piven, Jessie Lloyd O'Connor, and Gloria Steinem and the records of the Women's Action Alliance and the National Congress of Neighborhood Women. These six individuals and two organizations were chosen in large part because of their impressive achievements, as 'Agents of Social Change,' the name by which the project became known."

American Women Through Time

"This site offers two approaches for the study of specific time periods in American women's history. Each section includes a timeline that links specific events with highly relevant online sources, followed by a guide to research sources (e.g., census, newspapers, secondary sources) that are appropriate for the specified time period."

Jewish Women and the Feminist Revolution (Jewish Women's Archive)

An online exhibit from the Jewish Women's Archive, "explor[ing] Jewish women's impact on feminism and on the American Jewish community."

Documents from the Women's Liberation Movement - Duke Special Collections

"The materials in this on-line archival collection document various aspects of the Women's Liberation Movement in the United States, and focus specifically on the radical origins of this movement during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Items range from radical theoretical writings to humourous plays to the minutes of an actual grassroots group."

WomenWatch: UN Information and Resources on Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women

WomenWatch is a central gateway to information and resources on the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women throughout the United Nations system. Information is broken down by topic, and region with links to local groups and statistics.

World Bank GenderStats

GenderStats is an electronic database of gender statistics and indicators designed with user-friendly, menu-driven features. Data by region, country, or topic.

Chinese women, living and working / edited by Anne E. McLaren.

Chinese women, living and working / edited by Anne E. McLaren. [0415312175 (alk. paper) ] London ; New York : RoutledgeCurzon, 2004.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HQ1767 .C45253 2004

BEYOND THE PERFECT BODY: Women's Body Image Distortion in Fitness Magazine Discourse.

BODY SATISFACTION IN COLLEGE WOMEN AFTER BRIEF EXPOSURE TO MAGAZINE IMAGES.

Challenge and Conformity on "Contested Terrain" Images of Women in Four Women? Sport/Fitness Magazines.

Center for Women and Information Technology: Bibliography on Gender and Technology in Education

"The Bibliography on Gender and Technology in Education has been created by gender equity specialist Jo Sanders. Focusing primarily on information technology, the bibliography is comprehensive as of 2005 and draws on international research as well as intervention literature. It contains nearly 700 entries and is extensively annotated, key-worded, and searchable. Sanders compiled the bibliography for her 2005 review article, "Gender and Technology: A Research Review.""

WHO | WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women

""The first-ever World Health Organization (WHO) study on domestic violence reveals that intimate partner violence is the most common form of violence in women's lives -- much more so than assault or rape by strangers or acquaintances." The full text of the 2005 report (with data and quotes) is accompanied by fact sheets with information about women's health and domestic violence in Brazil, Ethiopia, Japan, Samoa, and several other countries." (LII)

If you spoke as she does, sir, instead of the way you do: Gefen and Ridings

Gefen and Ridings, both local Philadelphia scholars, begin by recapping women's and men's sociolinguistic patterns of discourse as prior discussed in the literature. They hypothesize that women, more than men, will wish to both receive support from and give support to a virtual community in which they are participating. In addition, they hypothesize that such support will influence women's assessment of the quality of that virtual community, and that women will more constantly than men rate their virtual community as having higher quality. They surveyed 39 discussion boards, which they divided into men's, women's, and mixed boards. As to be expected, women more than men were found to go to discussion boards for support. One of the interesting results they found is that the men surveyed also sought rapport and support, but did so more often in men's-only communities, presumably where an expectation of common language would be held, and did not rate them lower in quality, even though rapport-seeking can be considered as indicating inferior social status among men according to past sociolinguistic studies. When the men did seek rapport in mixed-gender groups, it did not affect their assessment of the board's quality because there was an expectation of rapport-seeking inherent in the mixed-gender environment, since women were present and rapport-seeking is a characteristic of women's speech. The authors admit that even as they tried to control for gender-bias in the chosen bulletin boards, that some of the communities were specifically support/rapport based (eg. cancer support) and that may have skewed the data towards women's speech and away from men's speech.

Hable con ella / Sony Pictures Classics ; una produccisn el Deseo, S.A. con la participacisn de Vma Digital y Antena 3 Televisisn ; el Deseo S.A. presenta ; un film de Almodsvar ; guisn y direccisn Pedro Almodsvar.

Example of a citation where diacritical accents present in Franklin or VCAT don't translate well to Penntags. They usually come back as other English charactes instead of accented vowels.

The Rhetorical Dynamics of Gender Harassment Online - Susan Herring

Penntext/PDF available

In this article, Herring discusses her research into both asynchronous communication via discussion list and synchronous communication via IRC in which women were subject to harassment and demeaning characterizations by men. In both instances, the result was that the affected women fell silent or complied with the male behavioral normatives. I think it is important to note the forums chosen, as there may have been some issues inherent to the discussion which should be considered above and beyond the linguistic patterns. The discussion list was Paglia-L, a group dedicated to discuss the writings of the cultural theorist Camille Paglia, who is often referred to as an "anti-feminist feminist" and who often generates polemical discussions among women as often as in mixed company. The IRC channel was #india which is primarily composed of expatriates from India living in English-speaking countries, and as such, specific Indian cultural patterns may have also influenced the speech found on that channel. What is most useful to me from this essay is how Herring defines harassment online, shows examples of its resistance and escalation, and finally shows how the female participants accommodate or conform to the degrading situation. If these examples can be extended across the internet, it would indicate that male-female communication suffers from similar breakdowns as those that can occur on the job or in any face-to-face situation where harassment may surface and as such, that we have a long way to go to address gender equality online.

Adapting the Internet: Comments From a Women-Only Electronic Forum - Debra Winter and Chuck Huff

PDF/full text available

Winter and Huff's study focuses on a 1996 survey of a women's only online bulletin board for computer scientists called SYSTERS. Although the study is 9 years old, it still brings voice to women who were previously marginalized as gender minorities in their field of work/study. The authors discuss the issue of same-gender boards being both "havens" and "ghettos" for women online, and also provide some support for Cass Sunstein's theory that the internet allows for the consolidation of like opinions - both positive and negative, as in the case of women's forums and online sexual harassment, respectively. Based upon their work, the authors felt that the differences between the genders in online communication was equal or magnified to that present in speech.

Gendered Interactional Patterns of Computer-Mediated Chatrooms - Charles Soukup

Penntext/PDF available

Soukup's study focuses upon two chatrooms - one sports-related and male-dominated, and the other female-based and female-dominated. His results support the ideas cited by Tannen and others in linguistic studies of discourse, in that the male chatters were more aggressive, argumentative, and power-seeking than the female chatters. It's unclear to me whether the results can be viewed as reliable or representative, since there may be an inherent social context to a sports-related chatroom/bulletin board that goes above and beyond being merely a male-dominant community. For example, Soukup cites the fact that the sports-related chatroom essentially turned into a locker room replete with profane and sexist language, including sexual put-downs and challenges between male chatters. He goes on to note that when male chatters entered the chatroom of the female-based community, that there was frequent inappropriate behavior such that groups of male chatters would take-over the room with sexist remarks or propositioning of the female members.

Gender and conversational interaction / edited by Deborah Tannen.

Tannen's text on gender and conversational interaction seeks to present research into gender differences in conversation as evidenced by direct speech data. The first section is comprised of data about friendship rapport, focusing on "girl talk" (Eder and Eckert, respectively) and storytelling among men and women (Johnstone). The second part focuses on "conflict talk" both among children at school (Sheldon and Goodwin, respectively) and adults (Brown). The third section becomes more theoretical as it attempts to rethink the nature of discourse in terms of power vs. solidarity (Tannen) and turn taking (Edelsky). Finally, James and Clarke review the literature and attempt to reframe the discussion of conversational interruptions among men and women. While none of this research deals with online communications, I believe that such analyses can be extrapolated to apply to online discussions both as "female talk" and "conflict talk".

Gender & community in the social construction of the Internet / Leslie Regan Shade.

Shade's research, although not linguistic in nature, is useful to provide a background into women's roles in constructing the Internet. She begins by reviewing research on gendered uses of various communications technologies, including the telephone, radio, and television. She discusses cyberactivism and feminism, as well as public policy determining women's access to the internet. She cites a case study of women in China and internet access implementation and concludes with a discussion of whether women are merely consumers targeted by merchants or active citizens in an online sisterhood (discussions that we have held in class as well).

Gender and politeness / Sara Mills.

In Gender and Politeness, Mills provides a new perspective on common assumptions of women's and men's speech with regard to etiquette and politeness. In her introduction, she positions herself in the "third wave" of sociolinguists interested in women's speech - who are critical of the "second wave" of linguists such as Deborah Tannen, Dale Spender, and Robin Lakoff (cited elsewhere in my bibliography) for asserting the existance of "women's speech". Mills prefers to discuss language in terms of "communities of practice" where people are drawn together to perform a common task. She uses models developed by Judith Butler, Alice Freed, Bonnie McElhinny and others which position that gender is an act which can take place in contexts which are also considered gendered, such that she can attempt to describe gender at a discourse level instead of just at an utterance level or individual level. As such, she can argue that men and women can alter their levels of politeness based upon interactional context with other speakers instead of following set gendered linguistic patterns. While none of her research involves online or internet communication, I find her analysis to be an excellent counterpoint to the other linguists I have cited because of her challenge to previous assumptions.

Feminist Rhetoric in Cyberspace: The Ethos of Feminist Usenet Newsgroups - Christine Ann Nguyen Frederick

Penntext/PDF available

In this essay, Frederick examines the question of whether computer-mediated communication is truly a democratic utopia where feminist values can flourish. By studying data from 2 newsgroups, alt.feminism and soc.feminism, she demonstrates that discrimination and exclusion/hostility can continue to occur, even in a supposedly inclusive and politically feminist context. She concentrates on the ethos of the newsgroups as the basis for constructing either a welcoming or distancing communication arena. My interest in this article stems from this notion of ethos because I think that it a highly influencing factor which combines with inherent linguistic features of women's speech to produce a speech community. I believe that any future discussions of the social structure of online communication must address ethos as well as linguistic differences in order to prevent factionalization or balkanization of men and women online, much as one might approach a dialog about multiculturalism and the internet.

Feminism and linguistic theory / Deborah Cameron.

In this second edition of her text, Cameron begins with an introduction to the study of language along feminist lines. She continues with a basic framework of linguistic approaches to language variation and gender and separates the feminist "folklinguistics" from actual empirical studies of language use. The second half of the book becomes more theoretical, investigating the links between gender and grammar and debating about the power of sexist language. She overviews the radical feminist theories of silence, oppression, and alienation of women via language. Later, she recaps the ideas of Spender, Lacan, and Irigaray among others to discuss the concept of a "gendered subject" as seen in a Postmodernist context. Finally, Cameron wraps up her work by posing issues and concerns to gender studies as she meditates on methods of integrating feminist discourse and language study into real world policies and social change. While this book does not deal in computer-mediated discourse, the issues addressed are valid in online contexts as well.

Women in their speech communities : new perspectives on language and sex / editors, Jennifer Coates and Deborah Cameron.

In this text, Coates and Cameron attempt to address in a quantitative way how sociolinguistic differences are found between men's and women's speech. While the research does not include online communication, it does show grounded empirical studies of women in their own speech communities such as among British Black women and women in mining communities in Wales. They go on to address gender differences in communication "style" above and beyond format, and delve into examples of gossip, tag questions, and shop talk as female or male speech. In all cases, the authors attempt to challenge prior academic research and offer new perspectives on the task of analyzing speech on gender lines, as in the example of Swann's "Talk Control: an Illustration From the Classroom of Problems in Analyzing Male Dominance of Conversation."

Cyberfeminism : next protocols / Claudia Reiche, Verena Kuni, eds.

This journal (2004) is a very cool read for feminist scholars and anyone interested in body politic. Although I am not sure that any of the essays will apply to my work, I was quite interested in Schleiner's essay "Female-Bobs Arrive at Dusk", which talks about the phenomenon of fan-created female heroine patches for video games in the late 1990's (part of our discussion with Nick Monfort). I was hoping to be able to use the essay by Aristarkhova "Femininity, Community, Hospitality: Towards a Cyberethics" in order to discuss issues of hospitality and community for women online, but she spends the entire time theorizing on the ideas of Derrida and community without talking about language and speech.

Virtual culture : identity and communication in cybersociety / edited by Steven G. Jones.

In this compilation of essays edited by Jones, the central theme is about how the internet is a virtual culture of its own and how that culture can be described in sociological terms. Of particular interest to me for fan related discourse is Watson's study of the Phish.net fan community, which describes an online fan base of 50K+ members and their interactions. Shaw discusses gender and sexual orientation and internet communities in his essay "Gay Men and Computer Communication: A Discourse of Sex and Identity in Cyberspace", which although does not related to women's speech, does deal with issues of communication and constructed identity. Later in the volume, Dietrich takes on gender and internet journals in their construction of a body politic. Finally, Zickmund addresses the problem of internet hate speech or "cyberhate" and how "the other" is defined online.

While I am not dealing with the subject of "cyberrape" as we read about LambdaMOO in the class assignment, if anyone is interested, Richard MacKinnon has a chapter in this volume titled "Punishing the Persona: Correctional Strategies for the Virtual Offender" which further discusses the rape and subsequent punishment of online offenders at LambdaMOO and elsewhere.

Girl wide web : girls, the Internet, and the negotiation of identity / edited by Sharon R. Mazzarella.

This very recent compilation (2005) contains 11 scholarly articles on the subject of adolescent girls and their use of the web, from perspectives of age, gender, ethnicity, and sociology/media theory. With regard to the subject of teenage girls and fandom, I am interested in Scodari's work on the negotiation of age and gender in TV fan newsgroups, since I am also discussing women's speech in such groups. Mazzarella continues this topic with her discussion of the "cultural economy" of teenage girls fandom on the internet. Finally, Thiel takes on the description of the construction of identity and gender identification for girls over instant messaging, which she describes as both a cultural and an experimentation space. While this text does not discuss specific linguistic topics, it does serve as an interesting sociological reference for young women's behavior on the internet, which could influence or inform linguisitic decisions online.

Women & everyday uses of the Internet : agency & identity / edited by Mia Consalvo & Susanna Paasonen.

This text consists of three sections regarding women's use of the internet. Part One deals with the definition of gender as part of a user's identity on the net, in particular for internet gamers (Paasonen) and female professionals (Dorer) The second part concerns how women are addresses as consumers of the internet and networks, with examples from online communities like Oprah.Com (Cooks/Paredes/Scharrer) and other women's websites (Gustafson). Part Three gives examples of everyday uses of the internet for bringing girls and women together, and also discusses the problems and strategies inherent for lesbians online (Poster). Finally, the fourth and last part talks about gender and new media in the contexts of the school, politics, and television viewing. This looks to be a very interesting text from a sociological perspective which can supplement the other linguistic texts in the bibliography.

Language and woman's place / Robin Lakoff.

Robin Lakoff is one of the so-called "first generation" of linguists to look at women's speech as being quantitatively different from men's speech, and also one of the first generation of feminists to look towards linguistics as a scientific study to which to prove inherent sexism in language. Although this text is dated (1975), it does serve as a key cited secondary reference for many of the articles published recently about gender and discourse. Even other linguists who go on to refute Lakoff's dichotomies continue to cite her work regularly. For my purposes, I may choose to quote from part 2 of her book "Why Women are Ladies" which deals with forms of politeness and how women specifically express politeness in speech, topics which I feel are still relevant today on the internet.

Gender and discourse / Deborah Tannen.

In this academic text, Tannen begins by examining the relationship between power and solidarity in various linguistic strategies - namely indirect speech, interruptions, silence, topic changes, and conflict. She continues to expand upon the cultural, ethnic, stylistic, and gendered differences in conversational interruptions. She compares the physical alignment of speakers to topical cohesion of the discourse and finds positive correlations. Finally, with Robin Lakoff, she explores the pragmatics of conversational strategies from a selection for Scenes From a Marriage. Unlike her general books, this text goes into more scientific linguistic detail and analysis which could prove useful to apply to internet speech between genders.

You just don't understand : women and men in conversation / Deborah Tannen.

Although this text of Deborah Tannen's is geared toward the general reading public more than an academic audience, and focuses upon verbal speech more than written, it proved useful on various fronts. Tannen writes from the perspective that sociolinguistically, boys and men have been socialized differently from girls and women, and that their discourse reflects such societal influences and expectations. Chapter 6: "Community and Contest" discusses the differences between the genders with regard to cooperation, community building and partnership versus fighting, conflict, and competition. Chapter 8: "Dammed if You Do" focuses upon issues of politeness, apology, criticism, and boasting as key differences between male and female speech, which can be extended to internet media communication as well.

Talking from 9 to 5 : how women's and men's conversational styles affect who gets heard, who gets credit, and what gets done at work / Deborah Tannen.

Tannen writes from the perspective that there are key, quantifiable differences in men's and women's speech from a sociolinguistic perspective which can be applied to workplace communication. Although this book was written for a general non-academic audience, it can offer some interesting theories of spoken language and gender and power in an office environment, which arguably could be extended to email or electronic communications on the job. Chapter 2 deals with conversational rituals that take place on the job: routines such as apologizing, giving criticism, ritual fighting, compliments, and complaints. Chapter 2 discusses "Indirectness at Work" and how indirect speech can be viewed as both powerless and powerful depending upon the gender of the speakers and listeners. In my experience, such rituals and directness/indirectness are key features in gendered speech found both in real-time verbal speech and in written internet venues.

Sports Illustrated For Women

Sports Illustrated for Women ended its publication back in 2002. This could imply a lack of female sports fans to read this magazine. In looking at this website, especially in comparison to Sports Illustrated's website, it is clear that not as much work or effort went into its creation. Although, this difference could be from the 3 year span between when SI for women ended and today, during which SI's website could have had major additions and transformations.

Women writers, from page to screen / Jill Rubinson Fenton ... [et al.].

"For identification of more than 2,200 English-language feature films and television movies inspired by women's writings [...]. Covers 1913-88 releases. By author, with essential details provided; indexes of film titles and literary sources." (Balay, Guide to reference books, 11th ed, 1996)

Reel women : pioneers of the cinema, 1896 to the present / Ally Acker ; foreword by Judith Crist ; afterword by Marc Wanamaker.

"A celebration of women's behind-the-scenes contributions to film. Divided into 13 main sections relating to directors, producers, writers, film editors, animators, stunt women, foreign notables, etc. Sketches contain filmographies and emphasize career accomplishments (and sometimes hurdles). Select bibliography; index of names, titles, and topics." (Balay, Guide to reference books, 11th ed, 1996)

"Writer/producer/director Acker's volume capably fills a surprisingly neglected gap in the film field by profiling more than 120 women directors, writers, producers, editors, stuntpersons, etc., who worked or are working in the U.S. film industry. Coverage is from the 19th century to the present day. Each entry includes a biographical sketch, emphasizing interview quotes, and filmographies (some selective). Acker wisely avoids any critical analyses of her subjects' films, and should be commended for her accuracy. Her resource is more compact, comprehensive, and useful (while more pricey) than works such as Louise Heck-Rabi's Women Filmmakers (Scarecrow, 1984)." (Library Journal, 4/15/91, Vol. 116 Issue 7, p94)

Women's companion to international film / edited by Annette Kuhn with Susannah Radstone.

"contains shorter entries [than Women Film Directors: An International Bio-Critical Dictionary] on a wider range of subjects" (Library Journal, 10/1/94, Vol. 119 Issue 16, p72)

Women film directors : an international bio-critical dictionary / Gwendolyn Audrey Foster.

"This important work compiles a significant amount of otherwise difficult-to-find information on women filmmakers working in all countries and all contexts, whether mainstream, independent, or experimental/avante-garde. The introduction, which gives generous consideration to a wide range of scholarly contributions, is an excellent synthesis of writing in English on women directors. Following are alphabetical entries of over 200 bibliographic references to interviews and filmographies that would have been more useful with the inclusion of running time, place, and production company. The considerable amount of critical commentary that Foster (English, Univ. of Nebraska) includes is an amalgam of secondary-source opinion and Foster's own viewing of a wide sampling of the films. The only other reference work in this area is The Women's Companion to International Film (LJ 10/1/94), which contains shorter entries on a wider range of subjects. Public and academic libraries with any interest in film will want to acquire both titles, as they will appeal to all types of readers." (Library Journal, 10/15/95, Vol. 120 Issue 17, p54)

Encyclopedic dictionary of women in early American films, 1895-1930 / Denise Lowe.

"Lowe's appealing work profiles the careers of nearly 300 women active in silent film, mostly as performers. Entries have biographical information, film credits, and, often, a still of the biographee. A few subject entries dot the text, some on unusual topics--e.g., "suffrage films." The work's unique scope--women from any aspect of the early history of the film industry--fills a vacancy in the literature at a time when interest in silent film is growing. For deeper coverage of about 50 early figures, readers may want to consult Ally Acker's Reel Women: Pioneers of the Cinema 1896 to the Present (1991). The appendixes of Lowe's work often provide arcane information difficult to find elsewhere: which silent film actress had the longest careers, which were WAMPA (Western Associated Motion Picture Advertisers) baby stars and sisters, which are memorialized on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and at Grauman's Chinese Theatre, and which covered in the main text functioned behind the scenes in the film industry. Strengths of this title include its breadth and extent of coverage, illustrations, readable style, and unique information." (Choice, June 2005)

Women filmmakers & their films / with introductory essays by Gwendolyn Audrey Foster, Katrien Jacobs ; editor, Amy L. Unterburger.

An extensive biographical listing with critical/analytic commentary. "A welcome addition to the growing number of reference works on women in the film industry, this book is more general in scope than works confined to cinematic contributions by women during a particular era (e.g., Anthony Slide's The Silent Feminists: America's First Women Directors, CH, Jan'97) or their occupations in the industry (e.g., Women Writers: From Page to Screen, by Jill Rubinson Fenton et al., CH, Feb'91). Its breadth of scope and inclusion of essays about outstanding women filmmakers complement Ally Acker's Reel Women: Pioneers of the Cinema from 1896 to the Present (CH, Nov'91) and Gwendolyn Audrey Foster's Women Film Directors: An International Bio-critical Dictionary (CH, Apr'96). Entries include filmographies and literature by (and sometimes about) the women profiled. A list of films in which women filmmakers have had a major role has several entries and gives credits and references for further reading. Illustrations enliven the text. A chronology of women filmmakers and indexes by nationality, occupation, awards, distributors, and film titles add greatly to the value of the work. General and academic libraries." (Choice, November 1998)

And the mirror cracked : feminist cinema and film theory / Anneke Smelik.

""In imaging female subjectivity and addressing the spectator as female, feminist filmmakers have created films which transform and innovate cinematic codes and conventions." Smelik switches the focus of feminist discourse from spectator to filmmaker. Unwilling to revive the auteur theory, which she considers to be elitist and phallocentric, she nevertheless investigates the works of such filmmakers as Sander, Campion, Treut, and Adlon and discovers ways in which they subvert traditional cinematic subjectivity, affect, and modes of representation. Smelik's arguments are, of course, deeply rooted in the feminist theory of Lacan, Mulvey, Silverman, Kaplan, Irigaray, et al., but she also includes such figures as Eisenstein and Barthes. She does not privilege any particular theory but uses whatever works for the particular filmmaker she is dealing with. Her choice of films is as refreshing as her method: one is too used to reading about the same feminist films in book after book. Smelik's knowledge of the field is encyclopedic, and her analyses are consistently persuasive. This welcome addition to the ongoing feminist discourse is recommended for upper-division undergraduates through faculty." (Choice, February 1999)

Women and film / edited by Janet Todd.

"This fourth volume of a series formerly published semiannually (1975-79) offers wider coverage than do articles in a single periodical issue, and it addresses a general audience. After a brief section defining feminist film theory and criticism, the essays treat individual films (The Women, 1939; Sunset Boulevard, 1950; Kramer vs. Kramer, 1979; Marianne and Julianne, 1981), individual stars (Marilyn Monroe, Gloria Swanson, Marlene Dietrich, and Jane Fonda), or categories of film genres and authorship. This focus results in a gap between the stated methods and goals of feminist film theory and the subsequent essays that frame questions about women as image or author within traditions of literary analysis. Most contributors do rely on Laura Mulvey's touchstone essay "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema" (written 1975) for its psychoanalytically based conception of women's cinematic representation and objectification as the target of a specified male gaze. But the paucity of theoretical development beyond this point makes both essays and bibliography (which appear to be five to ten years old) seem somewhat dated, almost nostalgic. There are notable exceptions, including Richard Dyer's extraordinary study of Marilyn Monroe and sexuality (also published in his book Heavenly Bodies, CH, Mar '87) and Susan Leger's essay on Margeurite Duras, which embraces concerns of women and language as well as early writings of French feminist theory. Usable from lower division onward" (Choice,July 1989)

Women in film noir / edited by E. Ann Kaplan.

"The publication of this new edition of Kaplan's anthology of essays, first issued in 1978 and updated in 1980 (CH, Apr'81), is a welcome event. The addition of six articles that augment and deepen the collection's examination of the noir genre from feminist and poststructural critical perspectives makes this volume an indispensable scholarly tool, the most important assemblage on film noir since Joan Copjec's Shades of Noir (1993). Although film scholarship has evolved exponentially in the 20 years since Kaplan's edition was initially released, the original eight essays remain landmark contributions--illuminating approaches to an understanding of the gender tensions shaping and complicating much of US culture in the postwar decades. Several of the new inclusions probe issues of representation and spectatorship beyond the heterosexual divide. Collectively, the added pieces address generational differences between classic and neo-noir cinema and demonstrate the versatility and persistent vitality of the noir mode. Kaplan's introduction to the new edition provides useful historical and critical context, and the supplementary bibliography is a starting point for anyone wanting to investigate the genre. A must for all academic libraries." (Choice, July 1999)

Ladies and gentlemen, boys and girls : gender in film at the end of the twentieth century / edited by Murray Pomerance.

"Unlike many other film criticism collections, which concentrate on the representation of a particular group or genre, this volume collects a range of writings on a number of very different and specific topics and links them together through the rubric of gender. Pomerance (sociology, Ryerson Polytechnic Univ., Toronto) has divided the book into three main areas: gender in non-American films, gender as coded through actions, and transgressive representations of gender that are held up as "paragons or pariahs." While the range of topics makes the volume difficult to pin down conceptually, the essays are, for academic work, quite readable. This collection is unusual enough to warrant a spot in most academic libraries with collections devoted to film studies or gender issues." (Library Journal, 05/01/2001, Vol. 126 Issue 8, p88)

Women of vision : histories in feminist film and video / Alexandra Juhasz, editor.

interviews with Pearl Bowser; Margaret Caples; Michelle Citron; Megan Cunningham; Cheryl Dunye; Vanalyne Green; Barbara Hammer; Kate Horsfield; Carol Leigh; Susan Mogul; Juanita Mohammed; Frances Negrsn-Muntaner; Eve Oishi; Constance Penley; Wendy Quinn; Julia Reichert; Carolee Schneemann; Valerie Soe; Victoria Vesna; and Yvonne Welbon.

Women's pictures : feminism and cinema / Annette Kuhn.

Films & video about, for and by women / Audio Visual Services, Pennsylvania State University.

Women through the lens : gender and nation in a century of Chinese cinema / Shuqin Cui.

American Women's History: Timeline

Post-feminist Hollywood actress : biographies and filmographies of stars born after 1939 / Kerry Segrave and Linda Martin.

Films for, by, and about women / by Kaye Sullivan.

Women and film : a bibliography / by Rosemary Ribich Kowalski.

older, but still relevant?

Women on film : the critical eye / by Marsha McCreadie.

multiple copies...women film critics

Women and film : both sides of the camera / E. Ann Kaplan.

so many copies...importance?

Off screen : women and film in Italy / edited by Giuliana Bruno and Maria Nadotti ; foreword by Laura Mulvey.

Women in film : an international guide / edited by Annette Kuhn with Susannah Radstone.

Gender and German cinema : feminist interventions / edited by Sandra Frieden ... [et al.].

Unruly woman : gender and the genres of laughter / Kathleen Rowe.

Feminisms in the cinema / edited by Laura Pietropaolo and Ada Testaferri.

Papers presented at a conference held Nov. 1990 at York University and other papers.

When women call the shots : the developing power and influence of women in television and film / Linda Seger.

Cinematernity : film, motherhood, genre / Lucy Fischer.

Nineteenth-century women at the movies : adapting classic women's fiction to film / edited by Barbara Tepa Lupack.

Off-white Hollywood : American culture and ethnic female stardom / Diane Negra.

Francophone women film directors : a guide / Janis L. Pallister and Ruth A. Hottell.

African American women and sexuality in the cinema / Norma Manatu ; foreword by Kwyn Bader.

Teaching women and film / Sarah Gilligan.

but what is this really about?

college women's health

website from brandeis with links to health information on many topics, geared toward college-age women

Media_Theory bibliography

Doreva Belfiore

Linguists such as Deborah Tannen and Robin Lakoff have sought to examine the conversational styles and practices between men and women in order to formulate theories of gender-specific discourse. In my final paper, I plan to take the theories of such linguists and apply them specifically to Internet venues (chatrooms, discussion boards, and Yahoo groups) to highlight differences in male and female user communication strategies. It is my theory that while online, female members employ more verbal deference mechanisms and more consistently defend the use of “netiquette” than male members of similar age and regional background in order to preserve group unity and cohesiveness while discouraging group divisiveness. From the theoretical readings assigned in class, I plan to cite from Republic.com by Cass Sunstein, and possibly also the 2 articles by Henry Jenkins, in addition to the other bibliographic citations.

American Radicalism (Michigan State University Libraries : Digital Collections)

"A collection of digital images containing more than 100 pamphlets published by political and social pressure groups in the United States. Topics include the American Indian Movement, Asian Americans, birth control, Black Panthers, Hollywood Ten, Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), Ku Klux Klan (KKK), Rosenberg Case, Sacco-Vanzetti Case, Scottsboro Boys, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), and Wounded Knee. From the Michigan State University Libraries."

Salt of the Earth: Women, Class, and the Utopian Imagination

Pfaelzer, J. (1999). Salt of the Earth: Women, Class, and the Utopian Imagination. Legacy: A Journal of American Women Writers, 16 (1): 120-31.

This is an article that deals with representations of working women and class in the film.

MedlinePlus: Cervical Cancer

"Compilation of links to information about cancer of the cervix, covering diagnosis, treatment, prevention and screening, and topics related to cervical cancer (such as human papilloma virus and cervical dysplasia). Some material available in Spanish. From the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)." LII