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Since the 1920's fashion has been copied in one form or another but it is not until recently that designers are taking a stand and trying to seek protection for their hard work. But what form of protection is available for their fashion design? Copyright, trademark, or patent laws? These are all methods in which parts of fashion design are protected but none of these intellecutal property laws grant protection for an entire fashion design. If laws are changed to include fashion design protection which method would provide the best protection? Also, how would this affect those who have based their career on "knockoffs"? Is there one law which provides a better form of protection or should the United States adopt laws currently used by France or the United Kingdom? Some believe that if fashion designs are protected by copyright laws then this will alleviate the uncertainty in the fashion industry of what is right and wrong. Copyright currently does not protect fashion but the proposition to change Chapter 13 Article 17 of the U.S. Code to protect fashion designs has the ability to change the fashion industry.
tagged copyright fashion law patent trademark by kcoleman ...on 28-NOV-06

Mencken, Jennifer. A Design for the Copyright of Fashion." Diss. Boston College of Law 1997.  http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/law/st_org/iptf/articles/content/1997121201.html#fna 

Jennifer Mencken wrote this article in order to discuss the protection of fashion designs through copyright and the negative economic impact copyright protection could create in the future. The main point of this article is to discuss how fashion piracy affects the economy and to see if protecting fashion through copyright is really worth it. Fashion is a billion dollar industry and even though fashion designs should be protected, Mencken argues that this might harm the economy. Through the increasing discussion of fashion through news, magazines, and television, people are becoming more and more aware of certain designs. Even though people are becoming more into fashion, it’s because of this that design piracy is so popular. As designs become more popular, the more a designers’ work is replicated, allowing people to have more access to fashions. The main idea of this article is proving that copyright is the best means of protection for fashion design. The other methods of protection are mentioned briefly but the article spends a lot of time deliberating the issues involving copyright law. Mencken argues that there is a “conceptual separability of fashion’s artistic elements from the functionality of clothing.”  The article describes the requirements for implementation of copyright law towards fashion designs. Changes need to be made to current laws in order to diminish the confusion between a fashion’s artistic elements and its functionality. Even though the article argues that through protecting fashion designs the economy will be negatively affected, protection should still be granted. Who is to decide what the best methods of protection are? The basis for granting copyright protection lies in awarding the author a moral right to his creation. A garment design copyright only punishes the pirate, who deliberately copies the design, while benefiting the true creators and the public.

Mencken’s article will be useful towards my paper by providing reasons why copyright might be the best method of fashion design protection in addition to providing the negative realities of copyright. It will also provide me with the economic realities involved with fashion piracy. Piracy drives the fashion industry and if there were restrictions placed on fashion works how would this affect the economy? This article will help me answer this question.


tagged copyright fashion by kcoleman ...on 28-NOV-06
"Can Fashion Be Copyrighted?" The Wall Street journal [0099-9660] 248.60 (2006). B1-.

Can fashion be copyrighted? This article tries to answer that question through arguments for both sides of the debate. U.S. designers are trying to push legislation which would protect their designs but “the odds of passage are slim.” The authors try to answer the question, “is fashion design an art worthy of protection or a craft whose practitioners can and should freely copy one another?” In trying to answer this question, the authors provide the arguments of both the designers and those creating copies of designs. The “piracy paradox” is mentioned to show that by copying fashions it allows for trends to develop more quickly so if fashion was protect, the life cycle of fashion would be very slow. However, if this occurs then it could potentially harm individual designers. There is a paradox as to what is more beneficial, protecting the individual designs or the pace of the fashion cycle? One side argues for the creation of knockoffs as a means of allowing multiple types of people to participate in the trends because they are created at difference price levels. The other side argues that designers will not want to spend as much time or energy coming up with new designs if their work will just be copied. Is there a way to protect the fashion designs while keeping knockoffs around? The legislation proposed for protecting fashion designs would result in legal battles in which a designer can sue those they believe infringed their copyright. Is there a place for knockoffs while at the same time is it possible to protect fashion? The confusion exists in what makes fashion design different from other forms of art? The recent movement of high-end designers pushing for copyright protection would argue that fashion is a form of art which deserves to be protected. However, one has to ask themselves if fashion is copyrighted what are the implications of this on the fashion industry as a whole? Is the protection of a few designers worth the desertion of knockoff designers who create cheaper designs based on high end fashions? These are questions I would like to answer in my final paper and this article stirs these kinds of questions by presenting the piracy paradox.  Also, it supports the notion that the fashion design cycle is ultimately not phased by knockoffs as it continues to grow to be one of the most lucrative. As a result, is there even a need for fashion protection?

tagged copyright fashion by kcoleman ...on 28-NOV-06
"O.K., Knockoffs, This Is War." The New York times [0362-4331] 155.53534 (2006). G1-.

Many designers debate the issue of whether or not fashion should be protected by copyright laws. This article compiles a variety of pros and cons on the matter of fashion protection. Although it might seem that there is plenty of evidence to justify the protection of fashion by copyright or trademark laws, this article takes both sides on the issues. Some argue that fashion needs to be protected in order to ensure the growth of the fashion industry as well as new designers. Designers such as Diane Von Furstenberg, Narciso Rodriguez and Zac Posen, along with the Council of Fashion designers of America, all argue that fashion should be included under the copyright act. They all argue that imitation has negatively affected the luxury business and they are asking lawmakers to support a proposed fashion design anti-piracy act. Why should books, music and other creative arts be protected by copyright laws, but not fashion. Half of the article argues that if a bill is passed protecting fashion, then there are going to be some major chances in the retail industry. But there are others, particularly those who have benefited from copying fashion designers, who argue that they are not “copying” others work, but they are simply deriving their ideas from similar works. Protecting designers under copyright laws can lead to further debates as to how to separate a duplicate garment from one simply inspired by someone else’s work or part of a fashion trend. The article mentions a very successful example of a designer who has made millions simply by copying designer dresses and making less expensive versions to sell to the public. A.B.S. by Allan B. Schwartz has created a business of copying designer evening gowns. He argues that “there is no such thing as an original design and all these designers are getting their inspiration from things that were done before.” However, the reason clothing design is not protected under copyright or trademark law in the United States is that it is considered foremost as a utilitarian item, not an artistic expression or scientific invention. This article is imperative to my argument because it gives examples of the negative implications of fashion design protection. Many articles only discuss reasons why fashion should be protected by copyright or other forms of protection, but there are very few which look at it from a different perspective. What will happen to those who have made their living based on copying other people’s designs? Will it affect their business and if so how much will they have to pay to keep their fashion designs? Also, are there clear enough boundaries when considering if something is an exact copy of something else or if it was merely an idea inspired by another fashion design? These are all questions which need to be answered before laws can be created to protect fashion design.  

tagged copyright fashion by kcoleman ...on 28-NOV-06

The emergence of trade dress article discusses the importance of protecting fashion designs by means of trademark protection.  Design piracy also known as “knocking off” is extremely prevalent in the fashion industry and as a result, actions need to be taken in order to protect those who create the original fashion designs.  Copyright laws have been the major focus for trying to protect fashion designs; however, this article explains why trademark is the best means of protection.  Copyright laws fail to protect the designers’ overall concept and most articles cannot be protected by copyright laws because they are useful articles.  Fashion needs to be protected in order to ensure the continued growth of new and innovative designs.  The fashion industry is a billion dollar industry but if there are not designers who are willing to spend their time creating new designs just to have them stolen, then the fashion industry will fail to create new designs.  Fashion is considered to be a form of artistic expression by some, if this is true, then why is it not considered to be under the same laws as artwork or architectural works which were recently added to the copyright act.  The article spends the first half discussing the failures of copyright laws in protecting fashion and it goes on to propose an alternate solution, trade dress.  Trade dress is a “hybrid of trademark and unfair competition law.”  “A product’s trade dress is the overall image used to present it to purchasers.”  Trade dress came about as a response to the Lanham Act which requires that there must be proof of secondary meaning and that the product is not similar to another product.  Two Pesos vs. Taco Cabana is presented as an example of a successful protection of trade dress which was used to protect the overall image and feel of a restaurant including the uniforms.  Trade dress may be the method to combat fashion design piracy in the future.  Until copyright laws are changed to include fashion, trade dress is the better way for designers to prove infringement.  The importance of this article to my thesis is that it goes into great detail about the importance of finding another means of protection instead of copyright law.  Instead of fashion protection through copyright, trademark might be considered to be the best form of protection, specifically trade dress.  In my paper I am trying to figure out the best method of protection for fashion designs between copyright laws and trademark laws.  This paper gives the side of trademark and through the example of Two Pesos, does a great job of explaining the distinctiveness of trade dress.  Also, trade dress is presented as the best way to protect fashion designs as a result of it being easier for designers to prove that their designs were copied illegally. 

tagged copyright fashion tradedress trademark by kcoleman ...on 28-NOV-06