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This article discusses the ethics of link baiting, defined here as "great content with an angle that prompts links and social media action." The term itself has a negative connotation due to its connection with bait as a way to trick people, although it has been around too long to change. Included are various quotes from media marketing firms for or against the term and offering alternative terms. Some of these terms include 'viral copyrighting,' 'magnetic content creation,' 'branding wankers,' and 'social media marketing.' The argument here is over what sounds most benign. Although the idea is to use such content for advertising purposes, the dispute is whether the nature of that advertising is to trick people or just expose them to something new. In any case, the article says that the future of advertising on the internet is link baiting, whether or not it goes by that name.

This article offers a generally negative view on the term 'link baiting' while seemingly supporting its underlying purpose. The author Brian Clark is an internet marketer, so it makes sense for him to support it, otherwise he would be in the wrong business. What the article mentions but doesn't explore in great enough detail is that such advertising is the future. Internet memes will be created deliberately through viral marketing and sent out to compete with less self-conscious creations. This has far-reaching implications that are not the subject of the article.

This article is a response to other blog posts decrying the term 'link baiting.' Link baiting refers to the practice of creating content or a series that promotes linking.  The result of such linking is popularity, spreading an idea or creation (such as an internet meme), or simply attention.  Opponents to link baiting would say that it is an unethical practice because it involves deceiving people or questionable attention-grabbing.  However, this article argues, that isn't what link baiting is, and real link baiting offers something to the viewer, whether it is information, entertainment, or food for thought.  Furthermore, link baiting is a necessary form of promotion that anyone who wants create an idea for people to consume must do.

This article seems to be a little juvenile in the way it seems to be defending link baiting for the sake of the author's ego (so he says). While there's not much to it, the concept of link baiting is central to spreading a meme. Even for something that on its own merit encourages people to link to it (something that the article does mention), link baiting is perhaps the starting point. Whether that starting point is telling one person who will spread it to enough people or enough people that someone will spread it is a different issue.

Chapter 7: Constructions and Reconstructions of Self in Virtual Reality: Playing in the MUDs
 
 This chapter discuesses the way people deal with the concept of self in virtual worlds through MUDs (Multiuser Dimensions). These MUDs are in part creations of their users, who may design their characters (name, gender, species, physical attributes) as well as the "rooms" of the dungeons themselves.  They are free to experiment with identity and often choose to do so.  Interactions between players parallel and sometimes overlap with or substitute for real life. One example looks at a Yale dropout who used a role playing game as a form of therapy. Her mother disowned her after she had an abortion, and through role playing, the daughter was able to understand and come to terms with what happened. Another example describes a physics grad student whose physical health was so fragile that he could not go out normally without putting his life in danger.  He spends hours on MUDs socializing with people from across the world.  In doing this, he fulfills a need for social interaction that he might otherwise miss out on entirely.  In these virtual spaces, players often project their ideal self through their virtual identities.  MUDs offer an environment similar to real life and often equally useful for simulating and processing personal issues. In some situtations, they may even serve as something better than reality. Because of the difference between real-life and online social interaction, certain issues, such as sexism and gender roles can be more visible in a MUD, allowing for discussion of such topics. The addition of non-fatal guns to one MUD was another cause for debate. Changing the dynamics of the world (some players wanted to kill for fun) led to debate, virtual laws, and even the election of a virtual sheriff.  MUDs demonstrate a certain tension between the real and artificial through which we can reconstruct and examine aspects of our own culture.
 
The author seems particularly biased toward MUDs, probably due to his research methods: joining and participating in various MUDs.  The examples she uses focus a little heavy on the fringe of society rather than the average person who happens to participate in a MUD. This suggests that the correlation between MUD culture and real-life culture is limited.
 
If being a part of a community, such as a MUD gives people another means of expressing who they are or defining themselves, then so too might their preferences in memes be a means of expression. 
 
Culture of the Internet / edited by Sara Kiesler. [0805816356 (alk. paper) ] Mahwah, N.J. : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HE7631 .S613 1997


Heylighen begins his examination of memes by comparing them with genetics.  Genetics is generally an apt metaphor for memetics. Memes are more or less "copied" from one person to another, sometimes varying from the original. Different memes are more or less consistent, infective, or different from majority or prior notions. However, there are key differences. Memes can be transmitted between any two people, rather than parent-to-child.  Memes also replicate much more quickly, and thus can spread throughout a network almost instantly.

The next part of the article deals with meme replication on the internet. The key parts of such information transmission are the internet's high copy-fidelity (digitization allows for lossless transfer), high fecundity (computers can produce a large volume of copies quickly), and greater longevity (digital information can be stored indefinitely). Consequently, the internet allows greater and more efficient replication of memes.  Real-world boundaries are also pushed aside, allowing diffusion to occur from multiple sources and geographical locations outward rather than from a single source outward and potentially limited by physical and linguistic boundaries. Due to the nature of the internet, permanently copying information is not always necessary, but rather linking to information (with the assumption that it will always exist at that location) is more efficient. This suggests that the number of incoming links to something on the web is important for measuring its spread.

The article also discusses how memes can compete with each other or work together, similar to genes. When memes compete, the idea is that the more popular one will win out.  As it pertains to the web, the more linked site will draw more new viewers who will then also link it, making it even more popular.  For a global network, this means that there would likely be a shared ideology eventually.

 

This article effectively links the nature of memes and genes. It has detailed information on the properties of memes and how they apply to what gets spread across the internet. What this article is lacking is in examples that support the emergence of a global brain. The theory behind it is well-explained, but the external factors that make things more popular or less popular among certain subsets of society are not mentioned.

Chapter 11: Destructive Creativity: Arts in the Information Age 
 
What is 'cool' now isn't just an isolated piece of culture, but rather the result of a history of 'cool'. The future of humanities must begin to converge with art in order to bridge the gap. In other words, to be 'cool', older art forms must merge with more contemporary art forms. Society is currently so visually overstimulated that something needs to change just to get an idea from on mind to another.  Destructive Creativity refers to one approach, which is reassembling the past into the future.  It refers to the present aesthetic, mutation and remix culture. Creative Destruction is a slightly different approach.  Critiquing culture becomes an inherently edgy aesthetic. Tradition is linked to the avant-garde through the reappropriation of familiar things. Information is a new raw material, a form a currency. The chapter gives a history of destructive art, new art's need to reject or destroy the old to move forward. After pages and pages of examples of earlier works, the chapter gets to digital works.  Jodi works with the aesthetics of the internet, using a web browser as a frame.  Still, inside that frame, the text is made to look like an old DOS-based personal computer, acting as a reminder that contemporary art has at least some root in the past.  The self-destructive, self-activated behavior of the art is the formula for twentieth-century art.
 
This chapter seemly chronicles every step on the path to current existence of edgy art, which was tiresome to wade through, but certainly not useless. For every part of the current state of 'cool' that Liu describes, he provides several examples of the predecessors. Knowing more about the current state of art than the past and reading the chapter put everything into a perspective that wasn't necessarily any different, but is perhaps now more informed. What was noticeably missing from the discussion was the influence of an artist's contemporaries. Having not read the entire book, it is quite possible that Liu talks about it elsewhere, but regardless, talking about art with respect only to the past is ignoring half of what influences it.
 
Liu, Alan, 1953- . Laws of cool : knowledge work and the culture of information / Alan Liu. [0226486982 (cloth : alk. paper) ] Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 2004.
Call#: Van Pelt Library HM851 .L56 2004


This article analyzes how the internet works in terms of memetics. In this way of viewing things, each user and website is a different agent or node in the network: not aware of the underlying structure of the network, but instead only concerned with its immediate links within that network.  Marshall takes a bottom-up approach and applies memetics to each level.  At the operational level, the internet is a series of linked memes through which information and messages are routed through agents that have a specific purpose but do not know the intentions of the central controller.  At the service level, agent are interfaces designed to achieve certain goals through interacting with other agents.  In the example Marshall gives, a search engine for online stores has a goal of interfacing with other agents (the online stores) and processing the information.  At the user level, the internet memeplex is able to transmit information quickly and ignore real-world boundaries. Thus users are able to indicate what information they want to receive, and then get it through the network. Marshall concludes that the memetic support system embedded in the internet make it more efficient and allows each additional layer to perform more useful and complex operations efficiently.

Although the aim of this paper is sound, the connection between each level is not discussed in any amount of detail. The clearest points are the discussion on virtual communities and general overview of how the internet can operate as a series of memeplexes.

This article talks about 'bemes'--memes spread through blogs--as being the new way that information is spread and propogated.  The author considers the definition of meme to be a piece of cultural information that spreads by word of mouth and eventually becomes common knowledge. By taking advantage of the network effect, particularly the link-heavy nature of blogs, a meme can become widespread in very short period of time. Bemes are essentially memes, but faster.  Bemes are engineered to use new media to the greatest extent and be as catchy as possible.  Also mentioned are 'bemerz', the people who create bemes. Due to the popularity of these bemes, the bemerz themselves become cultural icons. The end result is that people can create and spread ideas deliberately and quickly.

 The idea of beme doesn't really seem any different than an internet meme, although the spread of the term after being mentioned on ABC News may very well validate the argument. The point of the article is very clear, although with respect to examples it seems sparse.  The comments on the blog post serve to fill in the gaps as well as challenge the idea. As one reader says, "Nice try, though, trying to make up your own beme by creating the word itself."

tagged internet internet_meme meme by kmcknigh ...on 11-MAR-07