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Bernstein, Arthur. . Global music industry : three perspectives / Arthur Bernstein, Naoki Sekine, Dick Weissman. 9780415975797 series New York : Routledge, c2007.
Call#: Van Pelt Library ML3790 .B39 2007
    
     Not only is music piracy a problem in the United States, but it has become a nuisance for the music industry in Europe as well. On pages 137 and 138, the authors give four reasons as to why piracy has emerged and expanded in Europe. The first reason is the fact that there is a direct correlation between the penetration of broadband internet services and illegal downloading and file sharing. The second reason is an increasing amount of organized crime. Setting up an illegal downloading facility is very low-risk as compared to other illegal activities such as drug smuggling. The third reason is the emergence of the European Union (EU) and the relaxation of border controls which made it quite easy to transport pirated CDs across Europe from countries in which the piracy rate was high. The last reason that the authors gave was the development of new music technologies that can hold a greater number of songs.
    
     As in the United States, many different strategies are being implemented around Europe to combat piracy. In 2006, a piece of legislation called The EU Enforcement Directive was put into place to help define activities that are considered infringement. It also provides civil measures such as injunctions and seizures. Legislation in Spain featured the creation of special intellectual enforcement units along with training programs for police and judges and campaigns to raise public awareness. Other countries continue to use existing laws but are attempting to enforce them more actively.
    
     Most of Asia has very high levels of piracy. China and Indonesia have the two highest levels of piracy in the world. One reason for these extremely high levels is the fact that most income is spent for living and pirated music is cheap and readily available for the individual whose funds for entertainment are limited. Another reason is the lack of action by governments against the piracy.
    
     Asian countries have implemented their own schemes for dealing with the piracy situation. China for example joined the World Trade Organization in 2001 and fully implemented its TRIPS program which sets laws for intellectual property copyright. China also increases raids and seizures and lowered their threshold for applying criminal penalties. The government of Taiwan amended their copyright law making piracy a public crime. Enforcement by law enforcement officers has increased against night market venders and has been quite successful. Many other Asian countries are using similar strategies.
    
     This source like a few of my other sources demonstrates a difference in the effects of piracy on diverse countries around the world. It helps to expand my topic of how piracy has evolved in different cultures.
    
    


 

     In this article the European Economic Community council of ministers gives support for audio visual anti-piracy measures. In certain countries such as Germany, France, and the United Kingdom piracy is on the decline because of the strict penalties that have been adopted but piracy from outside countries continues to be a problem. One of these problems is the illegal copying of compact disks using technology known as DAT or Digital Audio Tape machines. Japanese manufacturers began to launch these machines all across Europe. According to the International Federation of Phonogram and Videogram producers (IFPI) a problem with expired copyright works in Denmark could cause pirating problems for other EEC countries.

     According to the article many countries began to propose legislation to combat the piracy. The Dutch for instance introduced a levy on the sale of blank video and audio tapes. The Cultural Commisioner gave proposals for anti-piracy penalties. Other proposals included ways to find and get rid of pirate material, a framework of cooperation between the copyright holders and authorities, and a computerised register of audio visual work. In the UK the illicit sale of cassette tapes has declined due to a rapid decrease in prices. Other countries have implemented prison sentences for up to two years.

     The major problem with the music industry is the use of DAT machines because of their ability to make perfect copies of compact disks in a short amount of time. The music industry wants all imported machines to have an anti-copying device, but the commission does not necessarily agree with the proposal. The commission does not want to put something into place that will ban legitimate copying.

     In Denmark a record company known as All Round Trading are exporting unauthorized cds because of the expired copyright problem mentioned earlier in the article. Certain disks in Denmark were only covered under copyright for 25 years and are now unprotected, but in other countries the disks are still under copyright law. The record company argues that since the disks are on sale in one EEC country they can freely be exported to other EEC states under the Treaty of Rome which allows for the free movement of goods. The Commission believes that the action is clearly illegal whereas the IFPI believes that the case may need to go to court in order to be clarified.

     This article makes reference to early music piracy and strategies that were implemented in different countries to help combat the problem.