Wellhofer, Spencer. “Democracy and Fascism: Class, Civil Society, and Rational Choice in Italy.” The American Political Science Review. Vol. 97, No. 1, Feb. 2003, 91-106. JSTOR. American Politicial Science Association. University of Pennslvania Library, Philadelphia. 4 April 2008 <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3118223>

Spencer Wellhofers discussion on the emergence of fascism considers the requirements for fascism to succeed. He examines the ways in which fascism appeared in Italy within four years. Fascism set into Italy in different ways than it did in Germany. Fascists did not have to rely heavily on the support of those in rural areas in Germany, as it is primarily an industrial country. However, in Italy Mussolini had to have the unity of those living on the countryside.
It did not take long for fascists to take power in Italy and the transition appeared easy. Many Italians have conveyed these resentments through various art and media outlets, including film.

Federico Fellini, one of the most well-known Italian filmmakers tackled the issue of fascism by incorporating experiences of his own into his films. Fellini displays fascism as an issue in a small town in Italy, where the citizens are either completely ignorant to fascism’s capability, or they are not interested in it at all and feel that it is hardly a serious threat to their day-to-day living. In small towns, Italians were heavily influenced by the leaders of their communities, and oftentimes it was these leaders and who were pressured into retaining their professionalism by joining the fascist party. (see The Fascist Experience; Italian Society and Culture 1922-1945 by Edward R. Tannenbaum)

Wheatcroft, Geoffrey. “Sham and Bluster; An epic history helps explain why the Italians never took fascism entirely seriously.” The Washington Post 9 April 2006. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/06/AR2006040601748.html>

Geoffrey Wheatcroft picks apart R.J.B. Bosworth’s book Life under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915-1945 in his article “Sham and Buster; An epic history helps explain why the Italians never took fascism entirely seriously”. In his analysis of the book, he resolves to call Italian fascism something of a farce. In comparison to Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, totalitarian rule in Italy was laid-back. He credits this to the Italian proclivity towards not taking politics seriously. This tendency makes Italy’s history with fascism almost humorous. Bosworth’s book points out Mussolini’s failures after declaring war on France and England, Italy’s failure to recognize Libya’s vast oil fields after ruling the country for decades and how one fascist leader became one of the first fatalities in the war after his plane was brought down by an Italian anti-aircraft weapon. Hitler once said the Italians never had their hearts in fascism and “the excessive warmth of family relations there overwhelms all the rest.” Wheatcroft regards Italy as a timid, insignificant force in their run-in with fascism.

Geoffrey Wheatcroft has pulled out points from R.J.B. Bosworth’s non-fiction and embellished them with conclusions of his own. His sentiments draw parallels to Federico Fellini’s Amarcord. Fellini’s film uses humor in a way to mock and ridicule fascist ideals. The film was in fact very critical of fascism, whether intentional or not, and the humor plays with fascism’s absurdity. Wheatcroft instead ridicules Italy’s dabble with fascism. Many Italians failed to take fascism too seriously, and in a way, this had to do with the absurdity of it. Wheatcroft also discusses the nonchalant attitude of Italians towards politics. Similarly, Fellini’s film focuses much attention on the everyday, care-free attitudes of a small, isolated community of Italians.