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The purpose of copyright law is to "promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries." Such a goal presumably serves the public interest because copyright protection encourages creativity and learning and thus benefits the progression of society. The First Amendment intends to protect freedom of expression and freedom of speech, including political speech. These rights also serve the public interest, as political speech allows the public to make educated and informed decisions when partaking in the democratic process held so sacred in the United States Constitution. There must be a delicate balance between copyright law and First Amendment rights, as copyright somewhat limits these rights. For example, political campaigns employ copyrighted material in ads, speeches, and videos for the purpose of (free) political speech. It can be argued that to treat such acts of political campaigns as copyright infringement limits the First Amendment right to freedom of speech. If such action of political campaigns is copyright infringement and thus eliminated or censored, it can be said that copyright severely hurts the public interest. When examining the role of copyright, it must then be addressed, does copyright help or harm the public interest?

The ACLU blog fights for online service providers and content owners to safeguard free speech, as record amounts of individuals are using the "publically accessive but privately owned" arenas to discuss matters of governmental and political importance. The public, then, relies on service providers etc. to protect such free speech, which lately has been threatened for violating a site's terms of use or infringing copyright. The blog lists recent examples, such as YouTube's removal of a video about John McCain that used images necessary for commentary on the canditates support of the war in Iraq. The blog implies that such a video is fair use and as political commentary it should be permitted, but the video was taken down regardless. The authors of the entry, Nicole Ozer and Corynne McSherry, of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), push content owners and providers to assess whether such speech is fair use before "pulling the plug on political speech." Further, they acknowledge that those who wish to restrict others' free speech can instead exercise their own constitutional rights and respond with more free speech, thus serving the democratic process.

This post in the ACLU blog supports the notion that, at least in some circumstances, copyright protection can hurt the public interest. The constitution protects free speech, and exercising this right in the political realm is certainly protected. To suppress this right hurts not only the First Amendment, but also the public interest. By censoring political speech and opinions, copyright protection does not foster a fully free election in which, throughout the campaign, the public has appropriate access to information necessary to make a decision on who to elect and what policies are best. The policies and the people making them are crucial to the interests on the country, hence the public interest, and, according to this argument, copyright does not serve the public interest by restricting individuals' First Amendment rights.

Dan Bischof raises the problem of political candidates using copyrighted media content for campaign purposes. The problem is twofold; media outlets are harmed because they are seen as endorsing (or not endorsing) a candidate when one campaign selectively pulls material to highlight, and candidates also face copyright infringement claims. The article discusses many examples, but brings to light one in particular involving a candidates use of CSPAN coverage and CSPAN logos. In this ad, the candidate claimed fair use. The district court put an injunction on the ad, but the court of appeals put a hold on the injunction to allow the ad to be played. The only note of agreement between the two courts was that the ad could not use the CSPAN logo because of trademark protection. But, being news reporting, the court of appeals stated that the CSPAN coverage itself was not copyright protected and thus "First Amendment rights and political free speech have prevailed." Further, two reasons are cited as to why there is a lack of court activity in this arena. First, the cases must be pursued so quickly and once the election is over, the point is moot. In addition to the speed with which these cases must be dealt with, campaigns often pull ads before legal action can be taken by the media outlets. The article concludes with the argument that if the use of copyrighted material is allowed and goes unchallenged or unpunished, it "set[s] a precedent that may allow violation of that copyright without penalty in the future... so you have to be ever vigilant."

Ultimately, the article is explanatory in nature in terms of depicting how candidates may violate copyright and why legislation is rare, but it is prescriptive in arguing that this issue must be addressed. Specifically, it implies that campaigns must tread lightly when using copyrighted works because unless it truly is a case of fair use, copyright risks being violated and undermined. This sort of opinion takes the opposite view from the beliefs of Lessig, who argues that copyright should be expanded for political campaigns. Rather, this contributes to the debate with the notion that copyright must be interpreted as is in order to ensure proper protection and service to the public interest.
"Politicians sometimes cross the line in using news copy to advance their campaigns." The News media [0149-0737] 25.1 (2001). 10-.
belongs to Copyright and the Public Interest project
tagged copyright fair_use politics by amyiw ...on 23-NOV-08